Pandas Essay -- essays research papers fc

     The monster panda just exists at present in six little zones situated in inland China. The natural surroundings, appropriate for the bamboo on which it endures, is a chilly, soggy coniferous woods. The rise ranges from 1,200 to 3,400 meters high. In a large portion of the territories in which they despite everything meander wild, they should rival ranchers who ranch the waterway valleys what's more, the lower inclines of the mountains. It is assessed that there are some place around 700 and 1,000 monster pandas still alive in nature. As a result of their dependence on bamboo as their essential food, they will stay in critical peril except if their current territory is extended. The contrasting assortments of bamboo experience occasional bite the dust offs as a component of their restoration cycle. Without the capacity to move to new territories which have not been influenced, starvation and passing will surely happen for the monster panda. Such bite the dust offs of the bamboo likewise put the monster pandas in more straightforward contact with ranchers and poachers as the bears attempt to discover new zones in which to take care of.      Pandas have scarcely any common adversaries other than man, so the life expectancy of monster pandas in the wild is believed to be a quarter century or more.      Giant pandas have forepaws which are incredibly adaptable. Development has given them a broadened wrist bone that works in the way of an opposable thumb. This exceptionally useful adjustment permits the mammoth panda to control their essential food source, bamboo stems ...

Value Chain Management Chemical Industry â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Examine About The Value Chain Management Chemical Industry? Answer: Presentation Telstra is one of the main media transmission organizations in Australia. It was established in June 1975 under Australian Telecommunication commission .The name Telstra originates from the word telecom Australia which was utilized locally when exchanging while globally the organization utilized Telstra. A uniform marking was set up to Telstra in 1995. They have focused their business on amusement and Telecommuinicaion.The Company guarantees consumer loyalty simultaneously decreasing activity cost. Michael doorman thought of the best meaning of Value chain the executives (Gereffi 2014). As per his definition he alluded it in general arrangement of exercises that is engaged with creation and working of significant worth at each single step. Michael doormen esteem chain comprise of a few exercises which incorporate inbound coordinations, outbound and deals and showcasing Telstra have held their piece of the pie by advancing on promoting the items and administrations. They have a huge system subsequently they can reach the same number of potential clients as they can. Telstra esteem chain the board have adhered to watchman laws of significant worth chain the executives to guarantee they have expanded deals. Inbound coordinations Inbound coordinations is the procedure that unstintingly fuses the means of accepting, putting away and the inside dispersion of crude stuff or essential fixings to an assistance or item. With Porter this a fundamental procedure to the making of significant worth for an item. It includes orchestrating the development of materials from providers to get together plants or the makes. The activities are worry of the executives in three procedure of transformation from crude materials to completed merchandise (Kannegiesser 2008). Telstra restricted applies this procedure through to procurement and investigation of materials for the creation procedure of the item, this is applied through the reception of a trained development to adapting to chance simultaneously expanding investor esteem. The investigation procedure itself is focused on setting up a material equality worldwide portfolio to permit a development later on chances to the business. Outbound coordinations Outbound coordinations. This is worried about development of items or completed products and their stockpiling. Deals and showcasing involves the way toward selling administrations or items in return of contributions that is significant for customers, clients and the network on the loose. To make their investigation procedure simpler the organization has sectioned the psychological procedure into various territories showcasing, media transmission, information and IP systems overseeing and binding together systems. Telstra investigation separated from Australia like Canada, Asia, and Indonesia. The organization has set down investigation procedures to encourage this procedure which incorporate among them developing portfolio significance and flexibility, identification of other business amusement territories along with consistency in exile and business greatness. At last help involves all exercises which are fundamental to be set up for viable working of the item (Poirier 2009). Bolster exercises This includes Infrastructure, lawful, monetary, quality affirmation, advertising, general insights and quality confirmation. Innovative advancement which contains equipment, methodology, programming and information in change of data sources and yields of avow. Human asset the board which involves exercises of employing, terminating, preparing enrolling and remuneration and where important excusing work force. Ultimately obtainment including procurement of merchandise work or administrations from outside sources. Plainly the quintessence of flexibly chain the board is certainly a portrayal of Telstra system of association s required through downstream and upstream of linkages, in procedure of making quality estimation of items to the clients. A flexibly chain can likewise be alluded as entomb hierarchical gracefully chain, in wide sense we can say it is an interlink of more than one organizations. The exercises of nonexclusive worth including an association can be further be classified into two primary classification of movement sets (Beamon 2009). Conventional or physical worth chain they are exercises performed with a point of upgrading an item. This prompts accomplishment of objectives by an organization. Excellence esteem chain-they are PC based frameworks that has prompted absolutely new skylines of market space family todays business. Otherwise called digital market space. Advertising and deals The organization is continually concocting new patterns and embracing innovation so as to support deals in the market. Client patterns and the regularly changing condition is a steady issue to the organization. Rivalry has additionally influenced the deals of the organization benefits the world over. In the last budgetary year the organization the organization had an absolute income of 27.1 billion dollars and an all out benefit of 5.8 billion dollars in the entirety of its items which incorporate fixed line, web, and system administrations, pay TV and information administrations. Showcasing, exchanging, and dispatching is another worth chain as indicated by Porters, which is the way toward requesting items and administrations into commercialization including the board of client connections. Telstra supports their exchanging and advertising abilities in addition to building up their notoriety for being the reliable provider. The procedure has been effectively through changing of vender based portfolio, their solid relationship with clients from Asia likewise dependent on built up track record of bona fide conveyance. For instance in 2011, Telstra restricted set up a promoting bunch in Asia to expand showcasing, transporting, exchanging capacities. The target which is in charge of all undevout in a chain the board is constantly respected expanding rivalry. The explanation for it is the opposition of the administrations and items in eyes of the coustomers.in genuine sense to persuade a free organization to join a flexibly chain needs a success win circumstance for the organizations which have a place with the gracefully chain in an inappropriate run while in the short run this may not be conceivable in all the elements. There are two wide methods for improving rivalry in a chain the board. Combination of associations included material coordination, money related streams just as data. Administrations Telstra has activity all around the globe. A portion of their administrations run 24 hour daily the entire week particularly the system frameworks. The organization possesses and keep up the greater part of the open phones in Auatralia.The Company claims 7,400 base station around the world. This outlines the place of gracefully the executives. The rooftop lays for the extraordinary goal of the SCM-Competitiveness. Seriousness van be improved in different was, for example, diminishing the cost of the items, expanding the adaptability in a similar extent as the adjustments in the requests of the clients or profiting an item that is predominant nature of merchandise and ventures. The two significant parts bringing about some level of oddity will in this content be separated in a specific way of building squares. To begin, framing an organization requests that choice of appropriate accomplice be made for a normal association. At that point, turning into a fruitful and powerful association in the systems administration requires that there is a great deal of coordinated effort between the associations. Gracefully chain advancement is the utilization of an instrument and other related procedures to encourage that the ideal returns are acknowledged from the techniques that is being utilized in the flexibly of the items. In Telstra it includes ideal designation of the stock between the gracefully chain and the expenses of activity, for example, the transportation cost, producing cost and the expense of dispersion. Much of the time the new procedures include reenactment utilizing a PC helped program. The fundamental worry in this procedure is to guarantee that the meddling nature is run and the model utilized in the gracefully of the products is as powerful as could be expected under the circumstances, likewise making a dependable procedure where the flexibly is made as quickly as time permits without superfluous deferrals. Bolster Activities Human asset the board in Porters exercises involves the help exercises where the key component is the improvement of the labor inside an association instances of the exercises are preparing, enlistment of staff and training staff, Telstra restricted ensures individuals, their notoriety vocation by constantly changing their full-bodied security and reaction abilities crises. The HR are critical to the presentation of an association, it is surely known that human asset deal with the last items conveyed to clients. The worth chain frameworks which includes a lot of association exercises their prosperity rest upon the presentation of the people inside the gracefully chain. Human asset capacities exhibit from advancement of Human asset plans, enrollment to choice pay and advantages to workforce and in conclusion the board change and the relationship inside the association (work relations) when all exercises are applied to esteem chain the executives it results into heaps of advantages; di stinguishing proof of preparing destinations and needs decisively for esteem chain office and detailing of outline to adjust the requirements, ID and preparing staff to meet the positions abilities and in conclusion human asset works on being an imperative worth chain factor can be utilized to bring together the gracefully chain , as a result of business condition complexities comprising of item life motions , redistributing and globalization the practices can be actualized to inspire esteem tie accomplices to set up important connections between firms. The result improves upper hand. The organization works underneath all hazard development model which empowers overall down to earth reactions, set up they additionally hold compelling controlled security and hazard the board techniques which goes about as a type of readiness in reacting cas

Complete Guide to Establishing a New Habit

Complete Guide to Establishing a New Habit In life, we all face situations and circumstances that force us to think about the choices we have made and re-evaluate our decisions. If you are reading this, you are probably going through a similar situation too.We all develop habits we would like to change and replace with new ones, habits that can make our lives easier and help us become successful in our everyday life.So now that we have established this fact, what can we do to change ourselves? Some of us become too overwhelmed even at the thought of change. © Shutterstock.com | TrueffelpixIn this article, we start with 1) the importance of new habits, and turn to the main question 2) how to establish a new habit. After that we describe 3) how to overcome initial failures and to increase your chances of success when establishing a new habit and 4) success stories.THE IMPORTANCE OF ESTABLISHING NEW HABITSMany of us develop certain habits that can have adverse effects on our lives. For instance, some of us have the habit of eating junk food, which can be destructive for their health while others tend to procrastinate until the very end, which goes on to affect their level of success and the quality of their work. This distinguishes successful people from those who are not. People who develop constructive habits and follow them on a daily basis are the ones who gain success in all aspects of their life.The idea is straightforward. If you want to live a successful and productive life, a life in which you are satisfied and you are able to ac hieve all your goals, then you must look at your habits. Create the necessary ones and eradicate the ones causing a hindrance in your life. Once you have done this, you will see the impact this creates in your life eventually. You see, the biggest complication between you and success is not always a lack of financing or a lack of qualifications or a failure to reach your potential. Sometimes it has a lot to do with getting started and bringing positive changes in your life.However, you must realize that it is not easy to create good effective habits. If it were, everyone would just pick a habit they want to develop and just do it. This does not happen because sticking to an action long enough for it to become a habit is not easy. While it might be easy to go to the gym once in a lifetime, it is extremely difficult to do so consistently throughout your life. However, once this initial struggle is over and the habit is established completely, it becomes easier. Ask anyone who has been through this situation and they will tell you the same thing. A lot of will power and reminders are usually involved and most people tend to start over and over again.HOW TO ESTABLISH NEW HABITSIt takes time to make new habits a part of your psyche. It requires a lot of hard work and willpower. Even though man is a creature of behavior, routines and habits, forming new habits means disengaging that which was engraved in the mind and creating a new perception and thought process.If you want to establish a new habit, you first need to understand how this can be done, as habits are crucial for an individual’s happiness, health, and progress in life in general.In order to establish a new habit one must do the following steps.Step 1: Start SmallOnce you have figured out what you want to establish, start small. When most people fail to establish a new habit they usually say that is because they need more motivation or that it is too difficult and stressful. To avoid this, break down th e thing you want to learn into smaller, simpler tasks that do not require a lot of effort. For instance if you want to start running for 30 minutes every morning start 2-3 minutes per day. Make the task so easy in the initial stages that you do it without having to force yourself. Think about the minimum amounts of work that you must get done every single day to make the bigger goal a reality. This makes life easier, and your goals achievable. © Entrepreneurial Insights based on JamesClear.comStep 2. Improve GraduallyOnce you have started small, try to improve gradually. Even the slightest improvements add up very fast. As you do this, you will realize that your willpower and motivation will also increase hence making it easier for you to stick to your habit for good. To ensure this you must first break your habit into chunks so that this gradual transition is easier for you. © Entrepreneurial Insights based on JamesClear.comStep 3. Keep working without slipping from your planWhen you are trying to establish a new habit, chances are that you will fail or slip from you initial plan. Be mentally prepared for this. You need to understand that this is completely normal and you should not lose all hope. This is what most successful people do and what distinguishes them from others. Missing a habit once or twice does not undermine your overall progress and this all or nothing approach should be abandoned. You should not expect to fail but make sure you have a plan for if such a situation occurs. © Entrepreneurial Insights based on JamesClear.comStep 4. Remain patient and consistentLike most things in life, patience plays an important role in your progress of learning a new habit. Incredible progress can be made if you stay patient and consistent. New habits can feel easy and practicable. Focus on the benefits of making a change but do not keep fantasizing about the results, rather than that you should focus on the process you need to go through to reach there. You must also keep in mind the reasons for this change and the consequences of not going through it.Take some time to think of all the things that might cause a hindrance for you and think of ways to prevent them from happening. Ask yourself questions like, what are some of the problems you might face? How can you plan to work around these issues? And, how you can bounce back quickly from them and get back on track? Remember you need to be consistent not perfect.Step 5. Watch Out For Your Negative Thoughts and Rationa lizationsYour mind will come up with the most elaborate and logical excuses so that you do not feel like doing what you should. Learn to see these rationalizations and negative thoughts, and understand that you do not have to believe these. This is just your mind’s way of trying to get you out of discomfort, and you will eventually be fine with this discomfort so you need to stay focused. Do not be fooled by your mind and the comfort of the old habit. Try to give yourself pep talks so that you never lose sight of the importance of this new habit.Stay determined is important. Remember that the discomfort you feel is a sign for the change you are creating in yourself. You need to keep telling yourself that you are capable of much more than you realize.While it is human nature to compare oneself to another, when establishing a new habit you should not do so. You need to realize that the same thing does not work for everyone and that everyone is unique in his or her own way. For insta nce, what helped someone else lose weight in 10 days might take a longer time for you or might not work for you at all. Hence, comparisons are illogical. You should try different things and see what works for you instead of being depressed when you see other people achieve their goals more quickly than you do. Find the solution that fits you, the one you like, the solution that you can work with in the long-term and reap the benefits from.Plan how you are going to achieve what you want but do not fantasize. Focus on only what needs to be done to reach your goals to ensure that you stay motivated not on what you will do once you have achieved your goal. Once you have made a plan, keep refining it to ensure that it is realistic. Look at your initial plan carefully and think whether what you have written is achievable or not. This needs to be done because a lot of research suggests that people tend to make very optimistic plans. Therefore, to avoid disappointment and discouragement, cr itically analyze your plans or take the advice of someone who you think can judge it better than you can.Step 6. Track Your AchievementsRecord your progress to see how far you have come. This is important so that you realize how much you have achieved. You can either do this by keeping a notebook where you specifically record how much progress is made each day, or you can ask a friend or relative to help you and keep a check on your progress. It is important to do this daily. When important milestones are reached, reward yourself because you deserve it for all your hard work!How long does it take to establish a new habit?Many people are intrigued by the question of how long does it take for a behavior to become a habit? There has been a lot of research on this issue. While the initial research, done by a plastic surgeon from the 1950s Dr. Maxwell Maltz, suggests that, it takes a minimum of twenty-one days to develop new habit. Recent studies found that on average it takes more than two months before a new behavior becomes a part of someone’s life. It also depends on the kind of behavior, the person, and the circumstances. People must keep this into mind when they are trying to establish a new habit so that they can plan how they are going to go through this process accordingly, try to stay motivated and set their expectations accordingly. This also gives hope to people who might get demotivated when they are unable to master a behavior instantly. Moreover, it also helps one realizes that you have to embrace the process and be fully committed if you truly want to learn.OVERCOMING INITIAL FAILURE INCREASING YOUR CHANCES OF SUCCESSOne can face several problems in the process of establishing a new habit. People who have tried to establish new habits in the past and have failed begin to doubt their ability of embracing a new habit into their lives. This doubt needs to be eliminated before it is engrained in their minds and makes it impossible for them to try som ething new and bring about a change.Lack of motivation, procrastination, and self-doubt after failing once are some of the reasons for failing to establish a new habit. It is all about ones mindset. Those who have a growth mindset, think of failure as a roadmap for what they should not do next time.To overcome failure one must also stay optimistic, always look at the bright side of any given situation, find the lesson in your failures and try repeatedly until finally the goals are achieved.To avoid failure, you must take care of the following things. Try to change your environment. Relying completely on willpower is unreasonable and does not work in most cases. Try to change your environment in a way that makes it easy for you to carry out your habit. For instance, have lots of healthy food around you if you want to eat healthy. Make it hard for yourself to do the things you do not want to do by being accountable for your actions, ask a friend or family member to help you out so tha t they can implement consequences for when you do not exercise or do not eat healthy food. Accountability can play a crucial role. If you still fail, make further changes to your environment.Be mentally prepared for the discomfort of new habits. It is by its nature uncomfortable which is probably why you did not do it before in your life. For instance, most people do not quit alcohol or do not exercise because they too lazy. If you allow yourself the discomfort, it will be easier for you to achieve your target and form almost any habit that you want. Just realize that there is nothing wrong with the discomfort.You might imagine a happy and successful life because of your new habit but reality is not always the same as fantasy and this must be kept in mind. Due to this, we become discouraged and demotivated. Hence, one must realize this, hold on to their fantasies loosely, and approach changes without high expectations.By keeping these things in mind and fixing these common mistakes, you can increase the odds of successfully establishing a new habit. You can change your life completely by learning a new habit every month! Just follow the steps outlined above and begin creating new habits right away.SUCCESS STORIES People who were open to trying new things and gained successMany renowned successful entrepreneurs took risks, tried new things and gained success. Remember if they can do it so can you!The first examples are the founders of Google, Page and Brin. The two were PhD students at Stanford University and the idea of Google was developed when Page suggested of having the option of downloading every piece of information on his computer and then devising a search program for it. The idea was very ambitious and most people would have made fun of him for suggesting such a thing. However, Page and Brin worked for years to develop it and finally gained success and developed Google. They worked day and night, conducted research, met several companies who could fu nd them but never lost hope and stayed determined until their dream became a reality.Another inspirational example is Oprah Winfrey. The famous talk show host struggled all her life. She was born in a broken family, was sexually assaulted in her childhood by her cousins and friends, and gave birth to a child when she was only fourteen. She even struggled with obesity for some time but fought it with great courage and lost around 40 pounds. However, she made it through all this due to her positive attitude towards life. She did not let anything stop her from reaching her goals hence became the first Female African American billionaire. Her determination has made her one of the most successful woman in the US and a renowned media personality.Another good example is Steve Jobs. He was forced to leave his own company and start all over again. However, he did not take this as a setback and saw this new freedom as the opportunity to be creative and soon after he was able to rejoin apple. Thus Jobs went on to succeed even more in the years that followed.CONCLUSIONWe must all realize that the one thing that can help us change our lives is our ability to take action and do something to achieve our goals and dreams. While it is easier to learn all sorts of things, applying what you learn practically is what matters in the end. One of the biggest challenges one faces when establishing a new habit is trying to get himself motivated and stick with these new habits until they have been completely established in one’s life. This requires having the right mindset and realizing the importance of these actions in the long run.When you have the motivation and when you have made up your mind about how important something is then you do the right thing even when you no longer feel like doing something that you should do. When you feel the need to postpone something, you will be able to get yourself to do it anyway. When your mind is not convinced about the importance of the new habits you are working on, then it will come up with some of the most logical reasons to put things off. One of the best ways to convince yourself and your mind is to constantly evaluate the importance of the goals you have set for yourself, analyzing how other people who had similar situations remained persistent and gained success, and by coming up with your own strategies to minimize the chances of failure.

Death As A Tragedy For The Individual Essay - 1253 Words

Death is†¦ One main idea that I have circled back to throughout this semester, because of themes presented within this course and because of the context outside of the classroom that has impacted this community is that death is not about the deceased. Death, by definition, can only concern the living. Dying is a tragedy for the individual. Dying is a process or an event that forces hard conclusions and forces reconciliation. However, death cannot be of import to the individual who death has already captured. The struggle to decipher the meaning in dying was throughout provoking and especially moving in When Breath Becomes Air by Paul Kalanithi. Kalanithi wrestles with having an intimate knowledge of what will eventually be the cause of his death. While Kalanithi’s dying impacts him and his family profoundly, the impact of his death is only relevant to the living. Death impacts the community, the family, and the natural world through which the body may decompose. We see this in the chapte r that was written by the author’s wife after the author’s death. Death is swift. It is unemotional and it is instantaneous. It is when vitality has come to a permanent end. One moment there is breath and a heartbeat, even if it is just a whisper. The next moment brings nothing. Dying, however, can be agonizing. Dying is when the life starts to drain out of an individual. As in The Death of Ivan Ilych, the dying began much before he became sick. When we do not live each moment to the fullest,Show MoreRelatedModern Tragedy Analysis1337 Words   |  6 PagesIs Modern Tragedy Truly Tragedy? (A critique of Stephen King’s inspired movie The Green Mile as it relates to Aristotle’s Poetics) â€Å"Tragedy is an imitation, not of men, but of an action and of life, and life consists in action, and its end is a mode of action, not a quality† (Butcher). Aristotle says that tragedy has more to do with the action of the plot than the characters themselves. Tragedy is best defined as a drama that includes a clear plot line and a protagonist who has a character flaw thatRead MoreDeath Of A Salesman Is A Tragedy In The Sense That It Displays1015 Words   |  5 PagesDeath of a Salesman is a tragedy in the sense that it displays the consequences of commitment of one s life towards an idealistic goal such as the American Dream. Willy Loman fails to see that he is an unsuccessful salesman and to escape that harsh reality, he constantly reminisces his past. Which beg the question, is Willy Loman a tragic hero? He may not be a conventional tragic hero but he indeed had a downfall however, he wasn’t in a distinguished position to say the least. He was everybody yetRead M oreThe Most Tragic of Heroes828 Words   |  3 PagesTragedy, like comedy, is in the eyes of the beholder and what makes a particular fictional character more tragic than another can be argued until the end of time. However, despite this, it seems that an undeniable part of what makes a character tragic is their ability to save themselves from their predicament but, for whatever reason, refuse to do so, thus damning themselves to their wretched fate. Likewise, the more obvious this ability, the more control that a character has over their fate, theRead More`` Everything Rises With Leadership But Falls As A Tragedy 1095 Words   |  5 Pageswith leadership but falls as a tragedy,† said Alexander the Great, before his Battle of the Hydaspes, where his army suffered many casualties and marked the end of his military campaign. In history, there have been many downfalls. A few examples, Marcus Brutus was responsible for the downfall of Julius Caesar. Fighting a two front war agai nst England and Russian empires led to the downfall of Napoleon. Many historians call those events tragedies. The word â€Å"tragedy† originates from the Greek wordRead MoreDeath Of A Salesman By Arthur Miller1660 Words   |  7 Pagesthe correct definition of tragedy anyways? Many people would define tragedy as a disaster, but according to the book The Cambridge Guide to World Theatre by Martin Banham, the word tragedy is â€Å"a word whose meaning changes with time and place† (1002). In Medieval times, â€Å"tragedy came to mean the downfall of a person of high degree† (Banham 1002), but in recent times, the meaning of the word tragedy has many definitions. According to Banham, â€Å"realists refused to limit tragedy to privileged protagonists†Read MoreThe Characters Of Foils In William Shakespeares Hamlet860 Words   |  4 Pagesthe main character poses, but also understanding the obvious as well as hidden aspects of their lives.   In the Shakespea res tragedy, Hamlet, William Shakespeares applies foils to explore morality and social ethics and how to answer the overall question of the tragedy, what it means to be a human and what happens after death.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In William Shakespeares classic tragedy Hamlet, the nominal protagonist, Hamlet, is a   progressive character that has constant unfolding traits that the audience learnsRead MoreTragedy in The Merchant of Venice1472 Words   |  6 Pagesdictionary.com, a tragedy is a form of art based on human suffering; furthermore, it is a dramatic composition, dealing with a serious or somber theme, typically that of a great person destined through a flaw of character or conflict with some overpowering force, as fate or society, to downfall or destruction. Tragedy elements are that in which a protagonist agonizes disconnection from society and also, he or she makes an error or shows awful decision making. There are typically deaths which arise atRead MoreWilliam Woolf s Mrs. Dalloway1730 Words   |  7 PagesLiterary traditions often focus on tragedy, whether it be personal, national, or universal. In this way, it gives the characters, author, and reader the reference point of a shared experience upon which to build a literary work. In the case of Virginia Woolf’s Mrs. Dalloway, this uniting experience was the Great War. The remnants of this conflict can be seen throughout the novel in the lives and experiences of its characters. The integral nature of tragedy in Mrs. Dalloway means that future reimaginingsRead MoreCritical Analysis Of Oedipus The King1025 Words   |  5 PagesSophocles you can see that the author did a very outstanding form of presenting a tragedy that has the characteristics of mimesis and a tragic hero. Specifically, the writer written the play that would leave many readers to be able to relate to and have a character whom characteristics are noble and basically good. A purpose of tragedy is â€Å"catharsis†. In other words, the main reason for a tragedy in a play is to purge an individual of his or negative attributes. In this play â€Å"Oedipus the King† written byRead MoreArthur Miller s Death Of A Salesman Essay1567 Words   |  7 PagesIt is known that in literature, a tragedy is one of the most popular genres. It always combines some story which discusses human sufferings with a certain sense of audience fulfillment. The roots of the tragedy are related to ancient Greece. A Greek tragedy is a sad story, which represents a character with a tragic flaw leading to his downfall. In addition, in traditional tragedy, the main character falls from high authority and often it is predetermined by fate, while the audience experiences catharsis

The Agent Causality Theory Of Free Will - 1540 Words

1. The agent-causality theory of free will is the theory that agents can start new causal chains that are not pre-determined by the events of the immediate or distant past and the physical laws of nature. Chisholm argues that the agent causes free actions, and that actions are self-determined, making them agent-caused. The theory states that we can bundle together all of an individual’s emotions, aspirations, dispositions, personality traits and we can then consider that the person’s character. Then this character has a great deal of influence on an individual’s decision. According to agent causation, there is another key factor: the self. The self stands apart from the individual’s character and it can either go along with the character or resist the character. The relation between an agent and an action cannot be reduced to or fully explained by the usual kind of causation, meaning that our actions are instances of direct causation by an agent. Reid deve lops the theory of Agent Causation. We have the power to initiate new causal chains. Agents have the power to cause something without being the effect of something previously. Reid thinks that we would not be able to formulate the doctrine of causal determinism if it were not for the experience we have of causing our decisions, and thus, this is where the idea of agent causation comes from. According to Reid, the notion of causation that determinism counts on is itself, grounded in our own experience of ourShow MoreRelatedWhat Is Determinism, Libertarianism, And Compatibilism1161 Words   |  5 Pagesmauled over mankind s free will and its connects to moral responsibility. In such discussion they have come up with multiple theories. The three I’ll address today are determinism, libertarianism, and compatibilism; are we products of our past unable to choose another course, or are our actions free from the chain of causality and thus our own? I believe that you can’t ta ke these two questions as black and white. In my opinion compatibilism - which attempts to merge free will and determinism - explainsRead MoreThe Theme of Fatalism in Antigone1032 Words   |  4 PagesTragedies involve a regular person experiencing a reversal in fortune because he or she results in a catharsis arousing fear and pity of the audience. In Greek tragedies, fatalism plays a dominant role in doing so as one is not a free agent because future(in tragedies, reversal of fortune) is predetermined - even if one knows and attempts to avoid it. Antigone is the daughter of the Oedipus and the sister of Polyneices and Eteocles. King Creon passed a royal edict banning anyone from burying disgracedRead MoreDavid Hume s Theory Of Free Will1559 Words   |  7 Pagesconstrained by the laws of nature? David Hume describes The Problem of Free Will as ‘the most contentious question of metaphysics’. Initial exploration into this school of thought gave rise to several philosophical viewpoints supported by modern thinkers. Hard determinism bases its viewpoint on the strict theory of causality, rejecting the idea of free will. On the contrary, Libertarianism opposes this, supporting the concept of free will and denying that a deterministic universe exists. Both of theseRead MoreThe Matrix Of Free Will And Determinism Essay2191 Words   |  9 Pagesto determinism. Determinism is the theory that every event that occurs is caused to occur such that what obtains in the future could not have been different given what has obtain ed in the past. This issue persists throughout the entire trilogy and shapes the development of the characters and the story. The films borrow ideas from various forms of media, including philosophers like Baron Paul Henry d’Holbach, to create a film series that questions the idea of free will and determinism. The films illustrateRead MoreThe View That Determinism Is Not Incompatible With Free Will3559 Words   |  15 Pageswith free will.† In this holding, if determinism were valid, a person still has free will. One of the initial forms of compatibilism is the holding that to be imbued with free will â€Å"is simply for one’s choice to cause one’s actions. Free will is basically doing what one wants; in the example of Hume, free will is basically defined as â€Å"a power of acting or not acting, according to the determinations of the will (Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding 159). Nevertheless, determinism exposes free willRead MoreHuman Beings as Being Genuinely Free Essay781 Words   |  4 PagesHuman Beings as Being Genuinely Free To be able to answer this question successfully we must first understand what is meant by the term genuinely free. By this do we mean to have limitless freedom where each choice is our own or rather freedom within certain boundaries? There are of course many different views which consider the extent of our freedom and what being free really means, ranging from ultimate, unlimited freedom to us having absolutely no freedom. Read MoreThomas Reid versus Roy Baumeister Essay1161 Words   |  5 PagesThe evolution of mankind has seem to have established a complex form of control that is directly connected to popular conceptions of free will. Highly adaptive aspects, designated by self-control and the idea of rational choice are crucial to successfully functioning within a given culture or community. The processes that conceive such forms of free will could be biologically costly and thus used only on occasion. Thus most individuals will tend to be only somewhat not completely rational, disciplinedRead MoreFreedom and responsibility2848 Words   |  12 Pagesthis paper I have discussed the free will of human mind and their freedom in choice of action. It is said that we are responsible for our actions that we do out of our free will, thus I have discussed freedom of human mind and the responsibility that comes to us with the freedom of will. There are some doctrines in philosophy that opposes free will s aying that all our actions are dependent on certain predetermined causes and thus no human is free to exercise his free will. I have written some pointsRead MoreThe Dualists Essay1846 Words   |  8 Pagesmagnitude of different philosophical theories that try to posit our existentiality. Consequently, these theorists try to find the answers to the causality of how the mind and the brain truly interact: Are we our synapses, or are we something more than that? However, one theory that has been of interest to many recent scientists and philosophers alike is one that has been around since its conception by a famous mathematician and philosopher named Rene Descartes. This theory is called substance dualism; andRead MorePhilosophy Midterm Notes Essay examples900 Words   |  4 PagesAquinas-all PKG god. ((((1. Motion. Objects in motion are moved by other objects. Causes must precede effects. No infinite cause/effect chains. There is an entity outside of the natural world which causes the first object to move. God exists 2. Causality. Every event has a cause and no event causes itself. Causes precede effects. No infinite cause/effect chains. Entity that causes the first event. God exists. 3. contingency. Contingent things now exists, so if everything is contingent, there is

Taboo Management Consulting and Policy Prohibiting Women Free Essays

The Taboo of Women in Management International management consulting firm Burns McCallister is listed by Working Mother magazine as one of the top fifty firms in the United States for employment of working mothers and by Working Woman magazine as one of the top ten firms for women. The firm has earned this reputation for several reasons. First, nearly 50% of its partners are women. We will write a custom essay sample on Taboo: Management Consulting and Policy Prohibiting Women or any similar topic only for you Order Now Second, it has a menu of employee benefits that includes such things as flex hours, sabbaticals, family leave, home-based work, and part-time partner-track positions. However, BM recently has been the subject of a series of reports by both the Los Angeles Times and the New York Times that scrutinise its policy on female executives in certain nations. BM has learned, through its years of consulting, that certain countries in which it negotiates for contracts prohibit the use of women in the negotiation process. The cultures of many of these countries do not permit women to speak in a meeting that includes men. Consequently, BM has implemented a policy prohibiting women partners from being assigned these potential account negotiations and later the accounts themselves. Clerical help in the offices can be female, but any contact with client must be through a male partner or account executive. For example, Japan still has a two-track hiring system with only 3% of professional positions open to women. The remainder of the women in the Japanese corporate workforce become office ladies who file, wear uniforms, and serve tea. Dentsu, Inc. a large Japanese ad firm, had a picture of the typical Dentsu â€Å"Working Girl† in its recruiting brochure. Surrounding the photo are comments primarily about her physical appearance: such as (1) her breasts are â€Å"pretty large†; and (2) her bottom is â€Å"rather soft. † In response to criticism regarding BM’s posture, the head of the firm’s New York office has explained: Look, we’re about as progressive a firm as you’ll find. But the reality of international business is that if we try to use women, we can’t get the job. It’s not a policy on all foreign accounts. We’ve just identified certain cultures in which women will not be able to successfully land or work on accounts. This restriction does not interfere with their career track. It does not apply to all countries. The National Organisation for Women (NOW) would like B to apply to all its operations the standards that it employs in the United States. No restrictions are placed on women here, NOW argues, and other cultures should adapt to our standards; we should not change our standards to adapt to their culture. NOW maintains that without such a posture, change can never come about How to cite Taboo: Management Consulting and Policy Prohibiting Women, Papers

Loss Of Innocence Essays (800 words) - English-language Films

Loss Of Innocence The Loss of Innocence Certain childhood experiences are missed out by some people because of mishaps early on in life. Any unfortunate event could cause the loss of innocence and make a child mature before his or her time. This event or experience would cause them to sacrifice their innocence. Many pieces of literature contain the loss of innocence as a theme. Examples of these would be The Scarlet Letter, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, and The Catcher in the Rye. The Scarlet Letter, by Nathaniel Hawthorne, is a novel that shows the theme of the loss of innocence. Although it is not a major theme, it can be used to describe Pearl, the daughter of Hester Prynne. Hester treated Pearl like the sin she committed, adultery, so she grew up like it. Hester pleaded to keep Pearl because ?all that she had was the scarlet letter and her child. She is the living evidence of Hester's crime and she is a part of her mother's shame. The scarlet letter printed on Hester's chest is there to remind everyone of Hester's guilt, which is something Pearl did as well. When Hester and Pearl went to see Governor Bellingham, Hester told them how she felt about her daughter. Sadly, she felt almost the same thing the Puritans did. However she also declared her love for Pearl. ?She is my happiness - she is my torture, none the less. Pearl keeps me here in life! Pearl punishes me too!?. The Puritans thought that this little girl was influenced by the devil. She was a little like the bearer of the truth. None of the other children were allowed around Pearl so she had no friends. She had a lot to handle as a child so this compromised her innocence. Pearl was being punished for her mother's sins and she wasn't accepted as a normal child her age would be. She had too much to bear at a young age. In The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, which was written by Mark Twain, Huck matures quickly because he has to help Jim escape the ill fortune of slavery. He is torn between the values of society and his young, innocent conscience. He is tormented by the thought of turning Jim in and doing what everyone else thinks is right or staying loyal to his new-found companion. He also has to use his intelligence to get down the river and bring Jim to safety. By making these decisions he is no longer a child. He loses innocence and becomes an adult because he doesn't have to make the decisions a child his age normally has to. Their were numerous occasions in The Catcher in the Rye, written by J.D. Salinger, where loss of innocence was used as a theme. The first, was when Holden broke the window when Allie died. Losing his brother was a hard time for him. For him, Allie was the definition of innocence. This was because Allie was a child when he died. He didn't grow to be an adult and become corrupted. Another major time is when he is talking about the children in the Rye field. Them falling off of the edge is their fall from innocence. Holden wanted to save them from losing their innocence, so he wanted to catch them before they fell. He wanted to catch them before they became greedy and careless. In this novel, one is repeatedly reminded of what Holden thinks of everyone but himself. He hated society so much that he would leave school because of it. When asked why he left his previous school he replied, ?One of the biggest reasons I left Elkton Hills was because I was surrounded by phonies. They were coming in through the goddam window.? Holden's parents can also be a factor in his obsession with keeping innocence. They tried to confine him to be like them in their world. That was something he didn't want. To him all adults, including his parents, were corrupted. They were phonies. This was the reason he wanted his sister to say the way she was and the same age she was. Along with his younger brother, Holden's younger sister was the one person

Free Essays on Yes

Anxiety Disorders By: Zebra Anxiety is a normal reaction to a threatening situation and results from an increase in the amount of adrenaline from the sympathetic nervous system. This increased adrenaline speeds the heart and respiration rate, raises blood pressure, and diverts blood flow to the muscles. These physical reactions are appropriate for escaping from danger but when they cause anxiety in many situations throughout the day, they may be detrimental to a normal lifestyle. An anxiety disorder is a disorder where feelings of fear, apprehension, or anxiety are disruptive or cause distortions in behavior, (Coon, 526); they are psychiatric illnesses that are not useful for normal functioning. At times, an underlying illness or disease can cause persistent anxiety. Treatment of the illness or disease will stop the anxiety. Anxiety illnesses affect more than 23 million Americans with about 10 million Americans suffering from the most common, general anxiety disorder . (Harvard, 1). Common anxiety disorders are panic attacks (panic disorder), phobias, and general anxiety disorder (GAD). Panic attacks Panic attacks can begin with a feeling of intense terror followed by physical symptoms of anxiety. A panic attack is characterized by unpredictable attacks of severe anxiety with symptoms not related to any particular situation. (Hale, 1886). The person experiencing the attack may not be aware of the cause. Symptoms include four or more of the following: pounding heart, difficulty breathing, dizziness, chest pain, shaking, sweating, choking, nausea, depersonalization, numbness, fear of dying, flushes, fear of going crazy. Heredity, metabolic factors, hyperventilation, and psychological factors may contribute to anxiety causing panic attacks. (Hale, 1886) Panic disorder tends to run in families with first degree relatives of patients having four to seven times greater risk than the general population. Metabolically, the levels of three... Free Essays on Yes Free Essays on Yes Anxiety Disorders By: Zebra Anxiety is a normal reaction to a threatening situation and results from an increase in the amount of adrenaline from the sympathetic nervous system. This increased adrenaline speeds the heart and respiration rate, raises blood pressure, and diverts blood flow to the muscles. These physical reactions are appropriate for escaping from danger but when they cause anxiety in many situations throughout the day, they may be detrimental to a normal lifestyle. An anxiety disorder is a disorder where feelings of fear, apprehension, or anxiety are disruptive or cause distortions in behavior, (Coon, 526); they are psychiatric illnesses that are not useful for normal functioning. At times, an underlying illness or disease can cause persistent anxiety. Treatment of the illness or disease will stop the anxiety. Anxiety illnesses affect more than 23 million Americans with about 10 million Americans suffering from the most common, general anxiety disorder . (Harvard, 1). Common anxiety disorders are panic attacks (panic disorder), phobias, and general anxiety disorder (GAD). Panic attacks Panic attacks can begin with a feeling of intense terror followed by physical symptoms of anxiety. A panic attack is characterized by unpredictable attacks of severe anxiety with symptoms not related to any particular situation. (Hale, 1886). The person experiencing the attack may not be aware of the cause. Symptoms include four or more of the following: pounding heart, difficulty breathing, dizziness, chest pain, shaking, sweating, choking, nausea, depersonalization, numbness, fear of dying, flushes, fear of going crazy. Heredity, metabolic factors, hyperventilation, and psychological factors may contribute to anxiety causing panic attacks. (Hale, 1886) Panic disorder tends to run in families with first degree relatives of patients having four to seven times greater risk than the general population. Metabolically, the levels of three...

Ticks, Suborder Ixodida

Ticks, Suborder Ixodida The parasitic arachnids we call ticks all belong to the suborder Ixodida. The name Ixodida derives from the Greek word ixÃ… dÄ“s, meaning sticky. All feed on blood, and many are vectors of diseases. Description: Most adult ticks are quite small, the largest reaching about 3mm in length at maturity. But when engorged with blood, an adult tick can easily expand to 10 times its normal size. As adults and nymphs, ticks have four pairs of legs, like all arachnids. Tick larvae have only three pairs of legs. The tick life cycle has four stages: egg, larva, nymph, and adult. The female lays her eggs where the emerging larva is likely to encounter a host for its first blood meal. Once fed, it molts into the nymph stage. The nymph also requires a blood meal, and may go through several instars before reaching adulthood. The adult must feed on blood a final time before producing eggs. Most ticks have a three-host life cycle, with each stage (larva, nymph, and adult) finding and feeding on a different host animal. Some ticks, however, remain on a single host animal for their entire life cycle, feeding repeatedly, and others require two hosts. Classification: Kingdom – Animalia Phylum – ArthropodaClass – ArachnidaOrder – AcariGroup - ParasitiformesSuborder - Ixodida Habitat and Distribution: Worldwide, there are nearly 900 species of ticks known and described. The vast majority (about 700) of these are hard ticks in the family Ixodidae. Approximately 90 species occur in the continental U.S. and Canada. Major Families in the Order: Ixodidae – hard ticks Argasidae – soft ticks Genera and Species of Interest: Both the blacklegged or deer tick (Ixodes scapularis) and the western blacklegged tick (Ixodes pacificus) can transmit the bacterium that causes Lyme disease.Proteins in the saliva of the Rocky Mountain wood tick, Dermacentor andersoni, can cause paralysis in its hosts, which include cattle, horses, dogs, sheep, and humans. Boophilus ticks are parasites of large hoofed mammals, and complete their life cycle on a single host. Amblyomma nuttali holds the record for the largest clutch of eggs produced by a single tick – over 22,000! Sources: Borror and DeLongs Introduction to the Study of Insects, 7th edition, by Charles A. Triplehorn and Norman F. Johnson.Synopsis Of The Described Arachnida Of The World, Texas AM University Entomology Dept. Accessed online December 31, 2013.The Encyclopedia of Entomology, 2nd edition, edited by John L. Capinera.The Distribution of Ticks, Centers for Disease Control. Accessed online December 31, 2013.Order Ixodida – Ticks, Bugguide.net. Accessed online December 31, 2013.Tick Biology, the Tick App, Texas AM University Entomology Dept. Accessed online December 31, 2013.

Acute pancreatitis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Acute pancreatitis - Essay Example The very first assessment involved collecting the patient’s blood sample for testing and the results indicated that she had increased levels of digestive enzymes known as serum amylase. When these enzymes leak out of a malfunctioning pancreas, some is taken up into the blood, where high levels may be detected. As with other inflammatory condition, C-reactive protein (CRP) was also reported to be high. Higher levels of CRP indicate other serious diseases with a poor prognosis. Together with such signs and symptoms as sudden bloated stomach, abdominal pain, and ultrasound, the above increases attested to the presence of gall stones. In addition, a swollen pancreas was an indication that Mrs A was suffering from acute pancreatitis. This essay will define acute pancreatitis; explains its aetiology; its associated pathophysiology; as well as its pertinent epidemiology. It also looks at two interventions (examination of the levels of blood glucose and intravenous paracetamol adminis tration) that were applied in the management of the patient’s condition and gives an appraisal of the care applied towards meeting her needs. Although pancreatitis may be acute or chronic (Smith & Fawcett, 2006), the focus of this paper is on acute pancreatitis. As Smith & Fawcett explain, the pancreas is an elongated, slender organ located at the left upper side of the abdomen. Acute pancreatitis refers to a kind of inflammation that occurs rapidly causing an elevated level of pancreatic enzymes in the blood as well as upper abdominal pain (Zara, 2010). Acute pancreatitis occurs in two types namely necrotizing acute pancreatitis and interstitial pancreatitis, which accounts for eighty percent of all cases of acute pancreatitis (Zara, 2010). Research by the British Society of Gastroenterology (BSG) (2005) indicates that in the United Kingdom, the frequency of acute pancreatitis is getting higher – it ranges from 150-420 cases for every million populations. Acute pancre atitis may result from surgery, drugs, or trauma (Burruss & Holz, 2005). However, alcohol and gallstones bring lead to about eighty per cent of this condition (BSG, 2005). Nevertheless, Sargent (2006) explains that ten percent of acute pancreatitis could be idiopathic, meaning that a diagnostic cause has not been recognized. Ultra sound results on Mrs A confirmed that she had gallstones. Finding out her condition’s underlying root could consequently greatly enhance her condition’s management and it may as well assist in the prevention of more attacks. Even though it is generally agreed that this condition entails an intricate flow of incidents that begin in the acinar cell of the pancreas, it is not clear the way in which the particular method through which acute pancreatitis arises (Madhav et al., 2005). According to Parker (2004), one generally acceptable and common presumption is the fact this condition results from pancreatic acini’s disruption or injury, wh ich allows the seepage of such enzymes from the pancreas as elastase, chymotrypsin as well as trypsin into pancreatic tissue. The seeped enzymes are activated in this tissue, thereby instigating auto digestion as well as acute pancreatitis, as Parker explains (2004). Elastase, trypsin, and lipase activation breaks the cell membranes as well as the tissue down, leading to vascular destruction, haemorrhage, necrosis, as well as oedema (Madhav, et al., 2005). Once this takes place, it leads to an abrupt incisive pain in the upper abdominal region further (Holcomb, 2007). In most cases, the ache spreads out s to the backside and in most cases, it is linked to vomiting along with nausea. The

Persuasive letter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Persuasive letter - Essay Example As well, our budget does not allow for the kind of production that you have presented and so we have therefore decided to go with a different option. Please feel free to resubmit with us again for next year’s event. We found your ideas interesting and if you provide a stronger application with more research prior to the presentation, we would love to consider using your ideas. As well as the research considering city codes and policies, we would like to see more thoroughly organized plans for building the production so that we are reassured that you can provide the production that you are promising. While we loved the illustrations and the ideas, we were unclear as to how the construction was going to be accomplished. While budget is our main concern, we were also concerned that the process that would give us the production had not been fully considered. We would love to see a similar presentation that has been modified to fit within our budget and that has been completed with engineered plans and potential problems with the city researched. Once again, while this year we have chosen to use another company, we were impressed with your presentation and look forward to seeing you participate next year. We were very interested in your ideas. While we have gone a different way, we find that the production you have offered can provide a potential benefit for our marketing purposes should you be able to provide a more thoroughly researched project that satisfies the issues that can arise from such an undertaking. I want to thank you for the meeting we had on Thursday. The presentation that you gave was creative and offered many wonderful ideas. Unfortunately, we will be unable to use your company at this time. The ideas that you presented were innovative and creative, however we are unsure that the city will allow for balloons of that size to occupy the space of the street. As you were unable to provide us with information on the policies of the

The Domestication Of Wild Animals History Essay

The Domestication Of Wild Animals History Essay The Fertile Crescent has been called the Cradle of Civilization for many years. The Cradle of Civilization is the key to understanding when the human population began to thrive and create villages, cities, and ultimately states. Without the domestication and cultivation of the land there would have never been enough food to support such a dense population of people. Hunting and collecting entirely from the wild could not possibly support even a tiny fraction of the worlds current population (Bellwood, 1). There were seven core domesticates in the Fertile Crescent, they include sheep, goats, pigs, cattle, emmer wheat, einkorn wheat and barley. All of these species were domesticated and had an important role in the Fertile Crescent throughout the two millennia emergence of agrarian societies between 10000 and 8000 B.P. We can best understand the events of this period by first focusing on the developmental history of the individual species of animals and plants that were brought under d omestication, and then combining those individual histories into the more complex overall story in the emergence of the agriculture in the region (Smith, 51). However due to the confines of this paper we will take an in depth look at the animals domesticated in the Fertile Crescent. The story of the Fertile Crescent starts before the emergence of the hunter- gatherers, who were ravaging the forests and grass lands. By 10000 B.P. the beginning of the 2000 year period that would witness the development of agriculture, human societies had taken advantage of the post-Pleistocene proliferation of plant and animal resources, and the Fertile Crescent was inhabited by a diverse array of hunter-gatherer societies (Smith, 51). The Pleistocene era had ended with a much warmer climate that also brought a much moister climate to the area. This climate change was one that favored the wild annual cereal grasses (Sagan, 249). Also it allowed the sparse movement of hunter-gatherer groups to move in to the area. It was there that they discovered that a more sedentary lifestyle produced more of a surplus of food and then that of foraging. The Fertile Crescents environmental zones are keys to understanding the development of the domestications of the animals (and plants). There are three main environmental zones involved in the origin of cultivation in the Fertile Crescent. The eastern section of which comprises the foothills and margins of the Zagros Mountains (Maisels 133). The central or the north is mostly made up of the broad rolling grasslands. And lastly, the western section whose central axis is the important Levantine corridor and Jordan Valley (Smith, 51). There were many changes that occurred due to the domestication of animals (and plants). These changes were many times become genetic due to the consistent selection of the more adequately produced products. In wild grains, the axis or rachis is brittle, which allows the grain to reseed itself easily. Selection of the grains was at first an accidental by-product of harvesting, and later intentionally, the people selected grains in which the axis was tougher, allowing less grain to fall to the ground, thus raising yields (Sagan 247). They also selected plants that were more easily husked. The people used the same natural selection process when choosing livestock. They selected woolly animals from among wild sheep, which are not normally woolly, thus acquiring sheep better suited to lowland heat and from which to obtain wool. Fossil remains indicate that the domestication of the sheep and goat was accompanied by a decrease in the size of the animal. The animals domesticated in the Fertile Crescent were a key to the development of the humans in the area. The readily available source of meat aided in the functions of the brain, which led to the ability to think more complexly and creatively. The brain is fueled by protein therefore with more protein in the diet the mind began to develop more completely. Thus the importance of the domestication of the animals to the human race, without having to hunt for the meat they were getting a more readily available source of protein (Wilkinson 139). The Persian wild goat has been recognized as the ancestor to the first domesticated goat. The Persian wild goat tends to be found in the more rugged terrain. It is in the eastern section of the Fertile Crescent that we find the most evidence of goats being hunted for their meat. Specifically at the site of Ganj Dareh, which was excavated in 1970s, which found at the lowest level, which dates back to 9000 B.P. contained approximately 5000 identifiable goat bones (Old Goats). Brian Hesse of the University of Alabama at Birmingham studied these bones. He used a new analytical technique to try to piece together evidence of the domestication of goats. Hesse theorized that a domesticated herd should have two clear distinguishing characteristics: (1) a large percentage of animals slaughtered for meat late in their immaturity, when they had attained much of their adult size; (2) an adult breeding population in which females far outnumbered males (Smith, 60). Through complex measurements of t he bones discovered at Ganj Dareh, Hesse discovered that the males were being killed before they reached adult hood and the females overwhelmingly stood for most of the population. This stunning breakthrough specifies that an age and sex profile that closely agrees with that of a herd of domesticated goats managed to provide meat (Old Goats). Clear demographic evidence appears to indicate that goats were domesticated at Ganj Dareh as early as 9000 years ago. The increase of the proportions of goat bones among the animal remains is an indicator to the shift to goat herding. Wild Sheep were the second animal to be domesticated in the Fertile Crescent. The wild ancestor of domesticated sheep ranged throughout much of the Fertile Crescent. A large amount of evidence of wild sheep can be found in the central region (Sagon, 245). There is much data to indicate that the wild sheep was not an important prey in the areas of Levant. There is, however, evidence showing that the sheep were a prey in Jericho that date wild sheep back to 10000 to 9500 years ago (Wilkinson 149). The degree to which the hunter-gatherer societies in different parts of the Fertile Crescent relied on wild sheep for food parallels the animals abundance in their local environments 10000 to 8000 years ago. The wild sheep were most were most abundantly discovered in the central region. This is probably why around 8500 B.P. sheep were first domesticated in the central area of the Fertile Crescent. There, the land is better suited to the wild sheep thus they were a more common target for hunte rs in that area, leading to the domestication of the sheep. With the change from being wild to being domesticated, the sheep, according to the fossil record, got smaller due to the selection process of the humans tending to the animals. It is in the apex of the Fertile Crescent that sheep herding first became an important component of agricultural economies (Smith, 57). The pig was, as far as we know the third animal to be domesticated. Wild pigs were greatly hunted in the northern part of the central region. Facts have lead archeologist to date the bones of the wild pigs to 9000 B.P. The pigs continued to be a substantial part of the diet of the people in this northern area of the Fertile Crescent, even after the shift to the herding of sheep and goats (Sagan, 243). The site of Cayà ¶nà ¼ tends to be the marker for the earliest domesticated pig, in the vicinity of 8500 years ago. There have been some tentative theories that approximate the domestication of pigs to be closer to the date of 10000 B.P. (Smith, 67). It is Richard Redding who proposed this theory, which the bones of the pigs at Hallan Cemi, strongly represent the ages of bones of a possible herding community of pigs. However since we know nothing about the ages of the pigs that the hunters targeted we have no basis for making the claim that the pigs at Hallan Cemi were indeed domestic ated and herded. For now it remains unverified but the alluring prospect that pigs were domesticated much before the evidence now shows. Cattle were probably the last and least important of the four main animals that were domesticated in the Fertile Crescent. The ancestors of domesticate cattle were probably considered to be a dangerous pay due to the size of the animal. However, it was also a significantly large package of meat. The area in the Levant and Jordan Valley has dated wild cattle bones to approximately 9000 to 8000 years ago. Like the pigs the cattle had an exceptionally large geographical range and extended far beyond the Fertile Crescent. There has been clear documentation of a pattern that shows the reduction of size in the cattle between 8000 and 7000 B.P. While cattle may show to be of little importance to the region between 10000 and 8000 B.P. it later became the dominant species of the market (Smith, 56). Now that we have looked at the individual histories of the animals of four of the seven core domesticates of the Fertile Crescent we see many patterns are emerging. The four species share common lines of evidence that include; geographical range, increase in abundance, reduction in size and change in age/sex profiles (Smith, 67). This evidence has led to the indication that these histories were distinct and still follows the same indication of domestication. The goats were domesticated in the earliest portion of the period, at around 9000 B.P. Then the sheep, pigs and cattle soon followed after approximately 300 years after the domestication of the goats. After the domestication of animals (and plants) the small villages began becoming states, they were becoming more and more like a modern day civilization. The early stages of food production in the Middle East were marked by gradual transition from foraging to producing economies. Many changes were caused by the production and cultivation of food. Such changes include population increase, which caused the resulting migration and forced other areas to respond and begin their own cultivation of their resources. Also, there had been a gradual population increase; this was based on the native richness of the environment, which helped spur the spread of food production (Maisels, 140). On the other hand, in the Tigris-Euphrates alluvial plain, cultivation required irrigation, which began around 7000 B.P. and changed the world of farming. Irrigation allowed farming to spread away from the normal areas that were close to the riverbanks, by bringing the water away from the riverbanks the cult ivation began to strive. By 6000 B.P., irrigation systems had become far larger and more complex, and were associated with a new political system. This new establishment was based on central government, extreme contrasts of wealth, and social classes, the beginnings of the state (Wilkinson, 141). The written and archaeological record indicates that the early Mesopotamian states were city states (Sumer and Elam), ruled by a literate theocracy that managed virtually all major aspects of the economy, which was overwhelmingly agrarian. The theocracy was replaced by 4,500 B.P.; it was replaced by a secular, military monarchy, based upon an elaborate class system (Sagon, 300). Thus ended the revolution of modern humans in the world of cultivation we now knew use the animals (and plants) to our advantage. As time continues to slip by we find more and more ways to maximize the products we get from the domestication of animals (and cultivation of plants) (Sagan, 248). To sum everything up Southwest Asia was inhabited by small groups of hunter-gatherers. These groups, due to the climatic change, became more and more sedentary and begin to develop a source of food production. This production of food came from the domestication and cultivation of plants and animals. The herded animals provided a constant source of protein in their diet and allowed for the hunters to expend their energy in other areas of life. The cultivation of the plants allows for a reliable supply of grains in their diet. This made the people of this time able to support larger families, which turned into villages, cities, and ultimately states.

History of Spice Notes

History Of Spice Egyptians used a lot of spices for cooking and stuffed mummies Burned cinnamon to hide stench First recorded spice Traded spice with India Spice trade silk road All roads go to fertile crescent Arabs created a monopoly on the spice trade moving toward Europe Arabs Kept Europeans in the dark about the source of spices brought from India Created secrets and Myths Might boil seeds so Europeans couldn’t grow it Crusaders brought back new spices when they returned from battle which increased demand in Europe and had also developed a taste for spice increasing demand Spice Obsessions Only attainable by ruling classEmblems of power, gifts of state, heirlooms, currency Pepper: worth its weight in gold, used as currency Plagued by counterfeiting Dried juniper berries (added to extend pepper) Spice Obsession Theories Theory 1: Used spice as preservative (pepper) Not much evidence (salt works fine, local spices, afford fresh meat) Theory 2: Medicine Theory 3: Medieval pa late was dull Theory 4: Trade Route Inflation Middle man increase prices along silk road End of Obsession (17th century) Figure out you could grow spice Markets were saturated Moderate use of spice New groups of flavoring: chili’s coffee tea sugar, chocolate Pepper- Piper nigrumMost important spice economically America is the worlds largest importer Woody, perennial (3 seasons or more), tropical climbing vine No synchrony Monsoon tropical forests of Malabar coats, SW India Heat: Alkaloid irritants: piperine Inner core Aroma: From essential oil Pericarp, outershell Green pepper: comes from unripe berries (least hot) Black pepper: fully grown and dried White pepper: removed skin (hottest) Cinnamon: Cinnamomum verum Small evergreen tree in laurel family (true Cinnamon Ceylon) Native to Sri Lanka light flavor, fine texture, little Coumarin 2 yr old branches cut and fermented for 24 hrs nner bark peeled and dried to form quills Cassia (fake) evergreen native to India, Indonesia an d Vietnam Closely related, mostly US Thicker bark, whole tree used Heavy flavor, coarse texture, high coumarin Coumarin: appetite suppressing Medical/ research: antioxidant, antimicrobial, type II diabetes Saffron: Crocus sativus Iran major exporter, very expensive Perennial bulb, 2 flowers per bulb, completely domesticated 3 stigmas, manual harvest Egypt: Cleopatra, healers Disappeared with Roman Empire but came back as plague remedy Afghanistan: poppy vs. Saffron Flowers Pollination: the transfer of pollen from anther to stigmaCross pollination: Chance (pollen in air or water), or animals Mutualism, coevolution (trick or reward animals to pollenate) Egyptians thought divine power, blue lotus Ancient Greece: floral wreaths Ancient Rome: Floralia festival Christian: flowers where â€Å"pure† no sex Theophrastus: date palms pollinated by hand, proved reproduction Fall of roman empire, fall of flower, (great suspicion) Gained popularity Europe 600 AD Posies thought to ward off plague Saint Thomas: plants have reproductive virtues Linnaeus: taxonomic system based on flowers Botanophilia Victorian Age: women grew flowersSexual repression, low tolerance of crime, and strong social ethic Grew orchids (â€Å"a massive man-made extinction event†) Epiphytic plant: plant grow on another plant (non-parasitic) Orchidmania Biggest flowering plant family, highly evolved (very guarded against self-pollination), native species on every continent Grow slowly (7 yrs to mature and flower), long lived Catasetum orchid inspired Darwins early book Ghost orchid Tulipmania Extreme heterozygote First cultivated around turkey then moved to Holland Tulip breaking potyvirus (suppressed anthocyanin) (weakened plant) Spread by peach/potato aphidMutability, novelty, favored by royalty, bubonic plague era, scarcity/ demand 1635 shift, traded in future promissory notes â€Å"Greater Fool Theory† (1637 crash) Smell 1 0f 50 human genes in the human genome are devoted to sme ll Olfaction: sense of smell, chemical molecules Olfactory tract transmits signals to limbic system To smell must have Volatile: must easily evaporate Water soluble Lipid soluble Essential oils is what makes plants smell (2nd ary plant metabolite) Isolation of Essential Oils: heat effects the smell Expression: simplest, squeezed out, citrusDistillation: most used, boil, collect steam, condense to oil Solvent extraction: delicate flowers, grind up, steep in chemicals, then evaporate Effleurage: oldest method, plant material in fat, dissolve out fat Synthetic molecule Scent and Memory Proustian Effect: smell linked to memories, takes you back Scent marketing Billboard smell: makes bold statement (popcorn) Thematic smell: compliments decor (Christmas smell) Ambient smell: cover foul odor Signature smell Sugar (refers to many groups of carbohydrates) Monosaccharides: simple sugars, cant be broken down Glucose: basic source of energy (produced photosynthesis)Disaccharides: 2 monosacc. Ar e joined together and H2O removed Glucose: can from starch (storage in plants) or glycogen (storage in animals) Honey was the first sweetener used by humans Sugarcane Native to S/SE Asia, cultivated in India Large tropical grass, stores sucrose in internodes Stems crushed, boil sap, separate sugar crystals US 150 lbs/ yr consumed Arab traders brought to Mediterranean, sugar reached Europe after crusades, Columbus to Dominican Republic Labor first from indigenous people and forced labor from Europe Solve labor shortage imported slave British dominant traders in slaves and sugarSeen as unskilled and replaceable Malnutrition and starvation Triangle trade Sugar, rum to Europe; guns, salt, iron to Africa; slaves to Caribbean Sugar, molasses to America; rum to Africa, slaves to Car. Why so brutal? Very profitable, high demand, triangle trade Occurred in isolation â€Å"unskilled labor† abolitionists end in 1834 Chocolate Cacao tree Theobroma cacao, native tropical S America, Grows tall, hot climate, lots of rain, understory tree (shaded, damp) Cauliflory: flowers from trunk or large branches Each flower potential fruit, insect that pollinates only in understory Olmec, Mayan, AztecProcess Fermentation: pulp liquefied, seeds briefly germinate (choc. Flavor) Drying: lose weight, outer shell loosens Roasting: refines flavor Winnowing: removes outer shell Cravings Caffeine and theobromine (humans not very sensitive to ) Cannabinoid mimics Phenethylamines: chemicals associated with love Serotonin Coffee Coffea, understory tree, tropical evergreen, produc berries 3 yrs old Coffee fruit (drupe) contains 2 coffee â€Å"bean†s Center of origin Ethiopia highlands Coffea Arabica: 1st cultivated, wimpy (lower caffeine and yield) Coffea canephora (robusta): 2x caffeine, greater yieldShade Grown (traditional) coffee Originally understory trees Diverse habitat Minimal need for pesticides and fertilizers Sun Grown Coffee Monoculture system produced by clear cutting for est Increased fertilizers; herbicides and insecticides Increased soil erosion Coffee berry borer, natural predator ants Tea Popularity: tea, coffee, beer Camellia sinensis, evergreen tree/shrub China tea, 1st discovered and cultivated, cool climate, lower yield, lighter flavor Assam Tea, tree, less resistant to cold, high yields, brisk flavor Center or origin: chinaOxidation=fermentation Startch to sugar, tannins released Polyphenols: Antioxidant properties Catechines: 25% Concentrated in fresh, unbroken, unfermented Tannins 50%: break leaves tannins released Types Tulsi tea: related to mint, not china tea Medical/religious, India Hinduism Black: withered, full fermentation, crushed, dries (usually assam tea) brick Oolong: btw withered, short fermentation, rolled or ball form Green Tea: little withering, dried, high polyphenols (china tea) White tea: young leaves, no oxidation, higher catechins, healthyiest *

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow A Psalm Of Life - 1508 Words

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow: A Psalm of Life Biographical Information Henry Wadsworth Longfellow was born to parents Stephen and Zilpah Wadsworth Longfellow on February 27th, 1807. Born to an established family in Portland, Maine, his father as a successful lawyer and politician, but also a trustee of Bowdoin College in Maine, and he sent Henry there at age 15. In the liberal arts college, Longfellow published poems and essays and fell in love with poetry. His passion was encouraged by his mother, an intelligent lover of literature and culture. Henry Longfellow was a brilliant student in school and graduated in 1825, then choosing to study abroad for three years in Europe where he studied language and became entranced by Old World†¦show more content†¦Longfellow was a successful writer during and after his death. The topics of Longfellow’s poem varied vastly, writing about slavery, American Indians, poetry of other countries, and writing ballads and epic poems, but with the general trend of American history. (bio) Longfellow received m any awards throughout his life, being admired by Queen Victoria, Alfred Lord Tennyson, Prime Minister William Gladstone, Walt Whitman and Oscar Wilde among others. (biography.org) â€Å"Longfellow was awarded honorary doctoral degrees from Oxford and Cambridge universities, and after his death was the first American to be included in Poets Corner of Westminster Abbey in London†. Poem Analysis The poem below expresses the optimism of a young man in defiance to the traditional ways of the old man. Longfellow wants the reader to be inspired to live each day to the fullest, and leave a positive mark on the world so that another can be inspired in the same way. In â€Å"A Psalm of Life†, Longfellow’s use of metaphors and tone work in harmony to reveal the theme that one should not waste life, but strive for excellence. A Psalm of Life By Henry Wadsworth Longfellow What The Heart Of The Young Man Said To The Psalmist. Tell me not, in mournful numbers, Life is but an empty dream! For the soul is dead that slumbers, And things are not what they seem. Life is real!Show MoreRelatedHenry Wadsworth Longfellows Optimism in Poetry Essay714 Words   |  3 Pagessaying Longfellow read in Germany where his wife died. The words gave him hope for the future. It inspired him to want to write a series of psalms. The first one, â€Å"A Psalm of Life† written by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, is an uplifting poem that compels us to feel hope for the future. After reading it the first time it had a powerful effect on me. Surprisingly, he wrote this poem few months after his first wife died. 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The Declaration Of Independence Declares Essay - 1521 Words

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