The Domestication Of Wild Animals History Essay

The Domestication Of Wild Animals History Essay The Fertile Crescent has been called the Cradle of Civilization for many years. The Cradle of Civilization is the key to understanding when the human population began to thrive and create villages, cities, and ultimately states. Without the domestication and cultivation of the land there would have never been enough food to support such a dense population of people. Hunting and collecting entirely from the wild could not possibly support even a tiny fraction of the worlds current population (Bellwood, 1). There were seven core domesticates in the Fertile Crescent, they include sheep, goats, pigs, cattle, emmer wheat, einkorn wheat and barley. All of these species were domesticated and had an important role in the Fertile Crescent throughout the two millennia emergence of agrarian societies between 10000 and 8000 B.P. We can best understand the events of this period by first focusing on the developmental history of the individual species of animals and plants that were brought under d omestication, and then combining those individual histories into the more complex overall story in the emergence of the agriculture in the region (Smith, 51). However due to the confines of this paper we will take an in depth look at the animals domesticated in the Fertile Crescent. The story of the Fertile Crescent starts before the emergence of the hunter- gatherers, who were ravaging the forests and grass lands. By 10000 B.P. the beginning of the 2000 year period that would witness the development of agriculture, human societies had taken advantage of the post-Pleistocene proliferation of plant and animal resources, and the Fertile Crescent was inhabited by a diverse array of hunter-gatherer societies (Smith, 51). The Pleistocene era had ended with a much warmer climate that also brought a much moister climate to the area. This climate change was one that favored the wild annual cereal grasses (Sagan, 249). Also it allowed the sparse movement of hunter-gatherer groups to move in to the area. It was there that they discovered that a more sedentary lifestyle produced more of a surplus of food and then that of foraging. The Fertile Crescents environmental zones are keys to understanding the development of the domestications of the animals (and plants). There are three main environmental zones involved in the origin of cultivation in the Fertile Crescent. The eastern section of which comprises the foothills and margins of the Zagros Mountains (Maisels 133). The central or the north is mostly made up of the broad rolling grasslands. And lastly, the western section whose central axis is the important Levantine corridor and Jordan Valley (Smith, 51). There were many changes that occurred due to the domestication of animals (and plants). These changes were many times become genetic due to the consistent selection of the more adequately produced products. In wild grains, the axis or rachis is brittle, which allows the grain to reseed itself easily. Selection of the grains was at first an accidental by-product of harvesting, and later intentionally, the people selected grains in which the axis was tougher, allowing less grain to fall to the ground, thus raising yields (Sagan 247). They also selected plants that were more easily husked. The people used the same natural selection process when choosing livestock. They selected woolly animals from among wild sheep, which are not normally woolly, thus acquiring sheep better suited to lowland heat and from which to obtain wool. Fossil remains indicate that the domestication of the sheep and goat was accompanied by a decrease in the size of the animal. The animals domesticated in the Fertile Crescent were a key to the development of the humans in the area. The readily available source of meat aided in the functions of the brain, which led to the ability to think more complexly and creatively. The brain is fueled by protein therefore with more protein in the diet the mind began to develop more completely. Thus the importance of the domestication of the animals to the human race, without having to hunt for the meat they were getting a more readily available source of protein (Wilkinson 139). The Persian wild goat has been recognized as the ancestor to the first domesticated goat. The Persian wild goat tends to be found in the more rugged terrain. It is in the eastern section of the Fertile Crescent that we find the most evidence of goats being hunted for their meat. Specifically at the site of Ganj Dareh, which was excavated in 1970s, which found at the lowest level, which dates back to 9000 B.P. contained approximately 5000 identifiable goat bones (Old Goats). Brian Hesse of the University of Alabama at Birmingham studied these bones. He used a new analytical technique to try to piece together evidence of the domestication of goats. Hesse theorized that a domesticated herd should have two clear distinguishing characteristics: (1) a large percentage of animals slaughtered for meat late in their immaturity, when they had attained much of their adult size; (2) an adult breeding population in which females far outnumbered males (Smith, 60). Through complex measurements of t he bones discovered at Ganj Dareh, Hesse discovered that the males were being killed before they reached adult hood and the females overwhelmingly stood for most of the population. This stunning breakthrough specifies that an age and sex profile that closely agrees with that of a herd of domesticated goats managed to provide meat (Old Goats). Clear demographic evidence appears to indicate that goats were domesticated at Ganj Dareh as early as 9000 years ago. The increase of the proportions of goat bones among the animal remains is an indicator to the shift to goat herding. Wild Sheep were the second animal to be domesticated in the Fertile Crescent. The wild ancestor of domesticated sheep ranged throughout much of the Fertile Crescent. A large amount of evidence of wild sheep can be found in the central region (Sagon, 245). There is much data to indicate that the wild sheep was not an important prey in the areas of Levant. There is, however, evidence showing that the sheep were a prey in Jericho that date wild sheep back to 10000 to 9500 years ago (Wilkinson 149). The degree to which the hunter-gatherer societies in different parts of the Fertile Crescent relied on wild sheep for food parallels the animals abundance in their local environments 10000 to 8000 years ago. The wild sheep were most were most abundantly discovered in the central region. This is probably why around 8500 B.P. sheep were first domesticated in the central area of the Fertile Crescent. There, the land is better suited to the wild sheep thus they were a more common target for hunte rs in that area, leading to the domestication of the sheep. With the change from being wild to being domesticated, the sheep, according to the fossil record, got smaller due to the selection process of the humans tending to the animals. It is in the apex of the Fertile Crescent that sheep herding first became an important component of agricultural economies (Smith, 57). The pig was, as far as we know the third animal to be domesticated. Wild pigs were greatly hunted in the northern part of the central region. Facts have lead archeologist to date the bones of the wild pigs to 9000 B.P. The pigs continued to be a substantial part of the diet of the people in this northern area of the Fertile Crescent, even after the shift to the herding of sheep and goats (Sagan, 243). The site of Cayà ¶nà ¼ tends to be the marker for the earliest domesticated pig, in the vicinity of 8500 years ago. There have been some tentative theories that approximate the domestication of pigs to be closer to the date of 10000 B.P. (Smith, 67). It is Richard Redding who proposed this theory, which the bones of the pigs at Hallan Cemi, strongly represent the ages of bones of a possible herding community of pigs. However since we know nothing about the ages of the pigs that the hunters targeted we have no basis for making the claim that the pigs at Hallan Cemi were indeed domestic ated and herded. For now it remains unverified but the alluring prospect that pigs were domesticated much before the evidence now shows. Cattle were probably the last and least important of the four main animals that were domesticated in the Fertile Crescent. The ancestors of domesticate cattle were probably considered to be a dangerous pay due to the size of the animal. However, it was also a significantly large package of meat. The area in the Levant and Jordan Valley has dated wild cattle bones to approximately 9000 to 8000 years ago. Like the pigs the cattle had an exceptionally large geographical range and extended far beyond the Fertile Crescent. There has been clear documentation of a pattern that shows the reduction of size in the cattle between 8000 and 7000 B.P. While cattle may show to be of little importance to the region between 10000 and 8000 B.P. it later became the dominant species of the market (Smith, 56). Now that we have looked at the individual histories of the animals of four of the seven core domesticates of the Fertile Crescent we see many patterns are emerging. The four species share common lines of evidence that include; geographical range, increase in abundance, reduction in size and change in age/sex profiles (Smith, 67). This evidence has led to the indication that these histories were distinct and still follows the same indication of domestication. The goats were domesticated in the earliest portion of the period, at around 9000 B.P. Then the sheep, pigs and cattle soon followed after approximately 300 years after the domestication of the goats. After the domestication of animals (and plants) the small villages began becoming states, they were becoming more and more like a modern day civilization. The early stages of food production in the Middle East were marked by gradual transition from foraging to producing economies. Many changes were caused by the production and cultivation of food. Such changes include population increase, which caused the resulting migration and forced other areas to respond and begin their own cultivation of their resources. Also, there had been a gradual population increase; this was based on the native richness of the environment, which helped spur the spread of food production (Maisels, 140). On the other hand, in the Tigris-Euphrates alluvial plain, cultivation required irrigation, which began around 7000 B.P. and changed the world of farming. Irrigation allowed farming to spread away from the normal areas that were close to the riverbanks, by bringing the water away from the riverbanks the cult ivation began to strive. By 6000 B.P., irrigation systems had become far larger and more complex, and were associated with a new political system. This new establishment was based on central government, extreme contrasts of wealth, and social classes, the beginnings of the state (Wilkinson, 141). The written and archaeological record indicates that the early Mesopotamian states were city states (Sumer and Elam), ruled by a literate theocracy that managed virtually all major aspects of the economy, which was overwhelmingly agrarian. The theocracy was replaced by 4,500 B.P.; it was replaced by a secular, military monarchy, based upon an elaborate class system (Sagon, 300). Thus ended the revolution of modern humans in the world of cultivation we now knew use the animals (and plants) to our advantage. As time continues to slip by we find more and more ways to maximize the products we get from the domestication of animals (and cultivation of plants) (Sagan, 248). To sum everything up Southwest Asia was inhabited by small groups of hunter-gatherers. These groups, due to the climatic change, became more and more sedentary and begin to develop a source of food production. This production of food came from the domestication and cultivation of plants and animals. The herded animals provided a constant source of protein in their diet and allowed for the hunters to expend their energy in other areas of life. The cultivation of the plants allows for a reliable supply of grains in their diet. This made the people of this time able to support larger families, which turned into villages, cities, and ultimately states.

History of Spice Notes

History Of Spice Egyptians used a lot of spices for cooking and stuffed mummies Burned cinnamon to hide stench First recorded spice Traded spice with India Spice trade silk road All roads go to fertile crescent Arabs created a monopoly on the spice trade moving toward Europe Arabs Kept Europeans in the dark about the source of spices brought from India Created secrets and Myths Might boil seeds so Europeans couldn’t grow it Crusaders brought back new spices when they returned from battle which increased demand in Europe and had also developed a taste for spice increasing demand Spice Obsessions Only attainable by ruling classEmblems of power, gifts of state, heirlooms, currency Pepper: worth its weight in gold, used as currency Plagued by counterfeiting Dried juniper berries (added to extend pepper) Spice Obsession Theories Theory 1: Used spice as preservative (pepper) Not much evidence (salt works fine, local spices, afford fresh meat) Theory 2: Medicine Theory 3: Medieval pa late was dull Theory 4: Trade Route Inflation Middle man increase prices along silk road End of Obsession (17th century) Figure out you could grow spice Markets were saturated Moderate use of spice New groups of flavoring: chili’s coffee tea sugar, chocolate Pepper- Piper nigrumMost important spice economically America is the worlds largest importer Woody, perennial (3 seasons or more), tropical climbing vine No synchrony Monsoon tropical forests of Malabar coats, SW India Heat: Alkaloid irritants: piperine Inner core Aroma: From essential oil Pericarp, outershell Green pepper: comes from unripe berries (least hot) Black pepper: fully grown and dried White pepper: removed skin (hottest) Cinnamon: Cinnamomum verum Small evergreen tree in laurel family (true Cinnamon Ceylon) Native to Sri Lanka light flavor, fine texture, little Coumarin 2 yr old branches cut and fermented for 24 hrs nner bark peeled and dried to form quills Cassia (fake) evergreen native to India, Indonesia an d Vietnam Closely related, mostly US Thicker bark, whole tree used Heavy flavor, coarse texture, high coumarin Coumarin: appetite suppressing Medical/ research: antioxidant, antimicrobial, type II diabetes Saffron: Crocus sativus Iran major exporter, very expensive Perennial bulb, 2 flowers per bulb, completely domesticated 3 stigmas, manual harvest Egypt: Cleopatra, healers Disappeared with Roman Empire but came back as plague remedy Afghanistan: poppy vs. Saffron Flowers Pollination: the transfer of pollen from anther to stigmaCross pollination: Chance (pollen in air or water), or animals Mutualism, coevolution (trick or reward animals to pollenate) Egyptians thought divine power, blue lotus Ancient Greece: floral wreaths Ancient Rome: Floralia festival Christian: flowers where â€Å"pure† no sex Theophrastus: date palms pollinated by hand, proved reproduction Fall of roman empire, fall of flower, (great suspicion) Gained popularity Europe 600 AD Posies thought to ward off plague Saint Thomas: plants have reproductive virtues Linnaeus: taxonomic system based on flowers Botanophilia Victorian Age: women grew flowersSexual repression, low tolerance of crime, and strong social ethic Grew orchids (â€Å"a massive man-made extinction event†) Epiphytic plant: plant grow on another plant (non-parasitic) Orchidmania Biggest flowering plant family, highly evolved (very guarded against self-pollination), native species on every continent Grow slowly (7 yrs to mature and flower), long lived Catasetum orchid inspired Darwins early book Ghost orchid Tulipmania Extreme heterozygote First cultivated around turkey then moved to Holland Tulip breaking potyvirus (suppressed anthocyanin) (weakened plant) Spread by peach/potato aphidMutability, novelty, favored by royalty, bubonic plague era, scarcity/ demand 1635 shift, traded in future promissory notes â€Å"Greater Fool Theory† (1637 crash) Smell 1 0f 50 human genes in the human genome are devoted to sme ll Olfaction: sense of smell, chemical molecules Olfactory tract transmits signals to limbic system To smell must have Volatile: must easily evaporate Water soluble Lipid soluble Essential oils is what makes plants smell (2nd ary plant metabolite) Isolation of Essential Oils: heat effects the smell Expression: simplest, squeezed out, citrusDistillation: most used, boil, collect steam, condense to oil Solvent extraction: delicate flowers, grind up, steep in chemicals, then evaporate Effleurage: oldest method, plant material in fat, dissolve out fat Synthetic molecule Scent and Memory Proustian Effect: smell linked to memories, takes you back Scent marketing Billboard smell: makes bold statement (popcorn) Thematic smell: compliments decor (Christmas smell) Ambient smell: cover foul odor Signature smell Sugar (refers to many groups of carbohydrates) Monosaccharides: simple sugars, cant be broken down Glucose: basic source of energy (produced photosynthesis)Disaccharides: 2 monosacc. Ar e joined together and H2O removed Glucose: can from starch (storage in plants) or glycogen (storage in animals) Honey was the first sweetener used by humans Sugarcane Native to S/SE Asia, cultivated in India Large tropical grass, stores sucrose in internodes Stems crushed, boil sap, separate sugar crystals US 150 lbs/ yr consumed Arab traders brought to Mediterranean, sugar reached Europe after crusades, Columbus to Dominican Republic Labor first from indigenous people and forced labor from Europe Solve labor shortage imported slave British dominant traders in slaves and sugarSeen as unskilled and replaceable Malnutrition and starvation Triangle trade Sugar, rum to Europe; guns, salt, iron to Africa; slaves to Caribbean Sugar, molasses to America; rum to Africa, slaves to Car. Why so brutal? Very profitable, high demand, triangle trade Occurred in isolation â€Å"unskilled labor† abolitionists end in 1834 Chocolate Cacao tree Theobroma cacao, native tropical S America, Grows tall, hot climate, lots of rain, understory tree (shaded, damp) Cauliflory: flowers from trunk or large branches Each flower potential fruit, insect that pollinates only in understory Olmec, Mayan, AztecProcess Fermentation: pulp liquefied, seeds briefly germinate (choc. Flavor) Drying: lose weight, outer shell loosens Roasting: refines flavor Winnowing: removes outer shell Cravings Caffeine and theobromine (humans not very sensitive to ) Cannabinoid mimics Phenethylamines: chemicals associated with love Serotonin Coffee Coffea, understory tree, tropical evergreen, produc berries 3 yrs old Coffee fruit (drupe) contains 2 coffee â€Å"bean†s Center of origin Ethiopia highlands Coffea Arabica: 1st cultivated, wimpy (lower caffeine and yield) Coffea canephora (robusta): 2x caffeine, greater yieldShade Grown (traditional) coffee Originally understory trees Diverse habitat Minimal need for pesticides and fertilizers Sun Grown Coffee Monoculture system produced by clear cutting for est Increased fertilizers; herbicides and insecticides Increased soil erosion Coffee berry borer, natural predator ants Tea Popularity: tea, coffee, beer Camellia sinensis, evergreen tree/shrub China tea, 1st discovered and cultivated, cool climate, lower yield, lighter flavor Assam Tea, tree, less resistant to cold, high yields, brisk flavor Center or origin: chinaOxidation=fermentation Startch to sugar, tannins released Polyphenols: Antioxidant properties Catechines: 25% Concentrated in fresh, unbroken, unfermented Tannins 50%: break leaves tannins released Types Tulsi tea: related to mint, not china tea Medical/religious, India Hinduism Black: withered, full fermentation, crushed, dries (usually assam tea) brick Oolong: btw withered, short fermentation, rolled or ball form Green Tea: little withering, dried, high polyphenols (china tea) White tea: young leaves, no oxidation, higher catechins, healthyiest *

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow A Psalm Of Life - 1508 Words

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow: A Psalm of Life Biographical Information Henry Wadsworth Longfellow was born to parents Stephen and Zilpah Wadsworth Longfellow on February 27th, 1807. Born to an established family in Portland, Maine, his father as a successful lawyer and politician, but also a trustee of Bowdoin College in Maine, and he sent Henry there at age 15. In the liberal arts college, Longfellow published poems and essays and fell in love with poetry. His passion was encouraged by his mother, an intelligent lover of literature and culture. Henry Longfellow was a brilliant student in school and graduated in 1825, then choosing to study abroad for three years in Europe where he studied language and became entranced by Old World†¦show more content†¦Longfellow was a successful writer during and after his death. The topics of Longfellow’s poem varied vastly, writing about slavery, American Indians, poetry of other countries, and writing ballads and epic poems, but with the general trend of American history. (bio) Longfellow received m any awards throughout his life, being admired by Queen Victoria, Alfred Lord Tennyson, Prime Minister William Gladstone, Walt Whitman and Oscar Wilde among others. (biography.org) â€Å"Longfellow was awarded honorary doctoral degrees from Oxford and Cambridge universities, and after his death was the first American to be included in Poets Corner of Westminster Abbey in London†. Poem Analysis The poem below expresses the optimism of a young man in defiance to the traditional ways of the old man. Longfellow wants the reader to be inspired to live each day to the fullest, and leave a positive mark on the world so that another can be inspired in the same way. In â€Å"A Psalm of Life†, Longfellow’s use of metaphors and tone work in harmony to reveal the theme that one should not waste life, but strive for excellence. A Psalm of Life By Henry Wadsworth Longfellow What The Heart Of The Young Man Said To The Psalmist. Tell me not, in mournful numbers, Life is but an empty dream! For the soul is dead that slumbers, And things are not what they seem. Life is real!Show MoreRelatedHenry Wadsworth Longfellows Optimism in Poetry Essay714 Words   |  3 Pagessaying Longfellow read in Germany where his wife died. The words gave him hope for the future. It inspired him to want to write a series of psalms. The first one, â€Å"A Psalm of Life† written by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, is an uplifting poem that compels us to feel hope for the future. After reading it the first time it had a powerful effect on me. Surprisingly, he wrote this poem few months after his first wife died. Longfellow took his wife’s death and interpreted it as a sign to look at life as fleetingRead More An Analysis Of The Indomitable Spirit Of Man In Henry Wadsworth Longfellow1686 Words   |  7 Pages Henry Ford, the automobile magnate, once stated that the quot;world was built to develop character, and we must learn that the setbacks and grieves which we endure help us in our marching onward† (Daily Quotations Network). Man has always strug gled with uncontrollable aspects of his environment, but his ability to overcome these seemingly indomitable obstacles has earned recognition from numerous classical writers and poets, including Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. â€Å"One of the real American PoetsRead MoreDo Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night And Psalms Of Life Analysis713 Words   |  3 Pagesmeaningful things in one’s life, without directly having to state what you’re trying to say some of the times. A lot of poets write about events within their lives as well as things in everyday life in the lives of everyone in the world. The poems â€Å"Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night† by Dylan Thomas (1914-1953) and â€Å"Psalm of Life† by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (1807-1882) both use great diction and varying tone in their poems to portray their individual perspectives about life. In the poems â€Å"Do NotRead MoreHenry Wadsworth Longfellow1100 Words   |  5 Pagesand Mission of Life What is the meaning of life? Probably one of the biggest questions in human history, yet people still have not come up with one solid answer. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow expresses his beliefs of people’s purpose in life by writing about his own experiences and how he has allowed them to shape him and his writing. Through Longfellow’s poem A Psalm of Life, the emphasis on living life to the fullest is accentuated through his beliefs of being courageous and living life for the sakeRead MoreHenry Wadsworth Longfellow: The Great Honored and Criticized Poet911 Words   |  4 PagesHenry Wadsworth Longfellow was a successful pet in his lifetime. In his childhood, he was so intelligent that he entered Bowdoin College at the age of fifteen. He worked at Bowdoin College and Harvard College for 19 years due to his eyesight. In addition, his work sold million copies. At his later time, his birthday became a national holiday, and he was the first man who was honored by Britain soci ety. Despite these glories, he suffered from the death of his two wives, Mary Storer Potter and FrancesRead MoreThe Fireside Poets Were Popular At A Time When The United States1382 Words   |  6 PagesPark and the Metropolitan Museum of Art (William Cullen Bryant), and even founding a political party and running for Congress (John Greenleaf Whittier). The lead-up to the Civil War was also weighing on the minds of many, which prompted Henry Wadsworth Longfellow to write â€Å"Paul Revere’s Ride†, an encouragement to a young country facing a serious conflict. Far from being merely a lyrical voice in a time of upheaval, these poets expressed passion for their causes in a way that was meant to involveRead MoreLongfellow- Writing Incorporates Religion1470 Words   |  6 Pages Henry Wadsworth Longfellow incorporates religious themes into his poetical work. His religious beliefs were in favor of his Christian faith, unlike others who found all the negative aspects of Ca tholicism. His poetical works such as Christus, The Divine Tragedy and The Bells of San Blas show his positivity toward the Catholic church. In Longfellow s life, he went through periods of depression as a reaction to his wives deaths. During these times of sorrow, Longfellow turned to his faithRead MoreCarpe Diem879 Words   |  4 PagesMuch of Time† by Robert Herrick and â€Å"A Psalm of Life†, by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, conveys, through a persona, a matured perspective of Carpe Diem. Both poets communicate their individual opinion, Longfellow’s 19th century poem discusses the importance of creating a legacy and leaving an impact on time, whereas Herrick’s 17th century cavalier style poem implies the significance of retaining the prime years of your life, and portrays the brevity of the life cycle. These main aspects of Carpe DiemRead MoreHenry Wadsworth Longfellow s Poetry Of The Nineteenth Century1857 Words   |  8 PagesHenry Wadsworth Longfe llow epitomized poetry of the nineteenth century, yet remained living, breathing figure through the aisles of history with his work. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow was born in Portland, Maine—then still part of Massachusetts—on February 27, 1807, the second son in a family of eight children. His mother, Zilpah Wadsworth, found herself the daughter of a Revolutionary War hero. His father, Stephen Longfellow, served a prominent Portland lawyer and later a member of Congress.HenryRead MorePoetry Analysis of â€Å"The Psalm of Life† During our lifetime we are taught to live a life of500 Words   |  2 PagesAnalysis of â€Å"The Psalm of Life† During our lifetime we are taught to live a life of pleasure and gratification. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow’s â€Å"The Psalm of Life† teaches us otherwise. This highly distinguished poem is about the essence of life, the importance of leading a life where time is not wasted, where you have goals your willing to achieve with patience and virtue, and to be a hero in the midst of mayhem. Longfellow expresses his ideas of the importance of living a fulfilled life using rhetorical

The Declaration Of Independence Declares Essay - 1521 Words

The Declaration of Independence declares, â€Å"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all Men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness.† This document is part of the foundation which the American people stand upon. All men were said to be created equal, and while this was God’s intention, many people do not act this way when it comes to race relations. Many people treat people of color as if they are not equal to white people in almost all aspects of everyday life. Nikki Giovanni’s Chasing Utopia and Claudia Rankine’s Citizen have a meaningful conversation about what God’s intentions for race relations were, and what the world has made the social norm. Runaway slaves had no knowledge from books or school because their owners saw this as wasteful and useless. In â€Å"Chasing Utopia,† Nikki Giovanni tells of the lack of education of the slaves in early America, â€Å"When God made mountains / He made runaway slaves / With no book knowledge of the North Star / Nor botany classes describing moss / On the north side of trees† (Giovanni 59). When God created the mountains, He also created the runaway slaves. The runaway slaves had no formal education because their work did not require it. Slave owners saw the education of slaves as frivolous and unnecessary. When the slaves ran away from their owners, they had no knowledge from books about geography or botany. They did notShow MoreRelatedThomas Jefferson s The Declaration Of Independence984 Words   |  4 Pagesissues like political differences became obvious the thirteen colonies decided to declare themselves separate from Britain. The Continental Congress created a comm ittee to write a draft stating the colonies had the â€Å"right to be independent states†(Shi and Mayer 2016, 104). The group designated Thomas Jefferson to be the main author. In analyzing this document we can see Thomas Jefferson’s The Declaration of Independence declared the United States of America as an independent, self-governing nationRead MoreComparison Between the Declaration of Independence and the Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions603 Words   |  3 PagesAmerica were upset and resentful of the British tyranny. In order to make the separation between the two groups official, Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence. Two hundred years later, women were facing the same injustice, only it was from men; and to protest against the unfair treatment, Elizabeth Cady Stanton wrote the Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions. Both parties of oppression fought against the same outcome, unjust treatment, yet, each fought against different causesRead MoreThe Opinion Of The Declaration Of Independence880 Words   |  4 Pagesdocument called the Declaration of Independence. In 1776, the Declaration of Independence was written b y Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Roger Sherman, Robert Livingston, Benjamin Franklin, and signed by John Hancock. It was written in a time of turmoil between the 13 original colonies and Britain. It has three parts – the preamble, indictment and conclusion. The Declaration was written to provide a theoretical case for revolution, to list complaints against the King, and to declare the 13 coloniesRead MoreThe Declaration Of Independence And The Treaty Of The Rights Of Man933 Words   |  4 Pagesand hold in their hands the ability to craft a better future. They inspire new ,, and sometimes even revolution. Two documents of the 18th century, The Declaration of Independence and the Declaration of Rights of man established and angle for which we view human rights, liberties, and human freedoms. While the underlying motivations of the declarations each have a distinct purpose, the intent to establish universal human rights parallel and often mimic one another in language and me aning. Both documentsRead MoreInfluence Of The Declaration Of Independence711 Words   |  3 PagesThe Influence of the Declaration of Independence The Declaration of Independence written by Thomas Jefferson in 1776, influenced the US Constitution and the Bill of Rights which was later written by James Madison in 1787. The purpose of the Declaration of Independence was to declare independence from England and outline what rights they wanted and why they should have them because their voices and opinions were not being heard. The goal for the US Constitution was to ensure that the new governmentRead MoreDeclaration Of Independence And Enlightenment1064 Words   |  5 PagesThe Declaration of Independence and the Declaration of the Rights of Man are two documents that sate the people are ending a relationship with their monarch. One of the two documents led to a successful revolution, the other was the beginning of a reign of terror. Both of these revolutions began with a group of people talking about enlightenment ideas. Enlightenment Ideas are when people begin to start to think that they can rule themselves and not have to h ave a king. Some Enlightenment ideas include:Read MoreThe Declaration Of Independence : Uncovering Its Strategic Art1263 Words   |  6 PagesThe Declaration of Independence: Uncovering Its Strategic Art The fundamental purpose of America’s Declaration of Independence was to illustrate to foreign nations why the colonies had decided to detach and disassociate themselves from Great Britain. The Revolutionary War had already been in motion, and numerous major battles had occurred. The American colonies had already cut most major ties to England, and had established their very own currency, congress, army, and post office. On June 7, 1776Read MorePolitics And The English Language1488 Words   |  6 Pagesstandard, many famous speeches or articles can be a subject for evaluation. In this case, the Declaration of Independence (US 1776), drafted by Thomas Jefferson and adopted by the Continental Congress, was to declare a separation from the British Empire. (US org) This article considers to be one of the most famous political document in the American history. In the following paragraphs, the Declaration of Independence will be evaluated by using Orwell’s six rules of writi ng and will be determined whetherRead MoreImportance Of The Declaration Of Independence707 Words   |  3 PagesThe Declaration of Independence was written in 1776 and its purpose was to declare America colonies be free and independent from Great Britain, get other colonists on board, and to encourage other nations to help them withdraw from the British. The first draft was of Declaration of Independence was written by Thomas Jefferson and then edit by Franklin and Adams and on July 4 the Declaration had been officially adopted by Committee of Five. In the draft Thomas Jefferson was trying to break connectionsRead MoreEssay about The Declaration of Independence769 Words   |  4 Pages The Declaration of Independence nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;â€Å"We hold these Truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal and that they are endowed by the Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness-That to secure these Rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their justice Powers from the consent of the Governed, that whenever any form of Government becomes destructive of these Ends, it is the Right of the

Is Schizophrenia A Mental Disorder Essay - 1753 Words

â€Å"Please hear this: There are not ‘Schizophrenics’ There are people with Schizophrenia.† (Elyn Saks). How much do you actually know about Schizophrenia and the people who have it? You may know that it is a mental disorder in your brain that affects function and fragmentation. What so many of you do not know is the way it is diagnosed, how it is treated, the different types of Schizophrenia, and of course so much more. What I will be covering in this paper will be the different types, the process of the diagnosis, treatment you can receive, causes, possible complications, history and a variety of different topics you most likely did not know were involved with Schizophrenia. Schizophrenia is a mental disorder in your brain that can be both fascinating and frightening. What is Schizophrenia? Chances are you’ve heard the myths that come with it: They are dangerous, anyone with it is completely hopeless and no chance of recovering, they have multiple personalities, traumatizing childhood, and bad parenting. All of these myths are completely false. Schizophrenia is a mental disorder that influences the way your mind thinks, feels, and acts. It is not that same thing as having Multiple Personalities Disorder or Split Personalities Disorder. Symptoms of Schizophrenia can differ with everyone, but they differ between positive and negative symptoms. They are referred to as positive because they are not as severe and easily treatable with proper medical attention. Hallucinations whichShow MoreRelatedSchizophrenia- Mental Disorder1002 Words   |  5 Pagesthe mental breakdown that forever changed his life. On an early, extremely cold winter morning in northern Iowa, Ron walked out of the farm house in only his underwear, through the large cornfield, and down to the Yellow River that was frozen over with a thin layer of ice. Luckily, his parents caught him in time before he had fallen through the thin ice. Ron was soon rushed to a mental institution where he was observed by psychiatrists that later diagnosed him with disorganized schizophrenia. SchizophreniaRead MoreSchizophrenia Is A Mental Disorder Essay1319 Words   |  6 PagesSchizophrenia is a mental disorder that affects about 1% of the population world wise between the ages of 16-30 (Nordqvist 2016). The word Schizophrenia means, â€Å"Split mind† but it does not cause a split personality and was first introduced by a Swiss man named Eugen Bleuler (Simon Zieve, 2013). Schizophrenia has different subtypes, including Paranoid-type, Disorganized-type, Catatonic-type, Undifferentiated-type, and Residual-type (Simon Zieve, 2013). Men develop the symptoms in their early teenageRead MoreIs Schizophrenia A Mental Disorder?1107 Words   |  5 PagesSchizophrenia is a mental disorder that is thought to be brought on by certain genetic factors as well as environmental ones. It affects the way a person perceives reality. The person diagnosed with schizophrenia will often perceive auditory, visual, kinetic, and olfactory stimuli that aren’t actually present. The disease also affects how the person feels and acts as well. Scientist who study Schizophrenia have not clearly defined the core causes of this disease however it is thought to have a strongRead MoreIs Schizophrenia A Mental Disorder?981 Words   |  4 PagesSchizophrenia is a mental disorder, which relentlessly affects approximately 1 percent of the world’s population. This term comes from the Greek, Schizo meaning â€Å"splitting† and Phrenia which means â€Å"of the mind† so therefore Schizophrenia is defined as a split mind. This disorder makes it hard for the person who has it to distinguish between what is real and what is imagined. Reason being is that it weakens their ability to think logically, express normal emotions, and behave properly in social situationsRead MoreIs Schizophrenia A Mental Disorder? Essay1502 Words   |  7 PagesSchizophrenia is a mental disorder that affects many elements of the body and mind. This mental illness causes people to lose touch with reality Schizophrenia (2016). People with thi s illness suffer from hallucinations, paranoia, hearing voices, fear and persecutory delusion, which affects a person’s ability to think, feels, and behaves clearly. Most people with thinks illness are usually between the ages 16 and 30. Researchers have not found an exact cause of this disease but rather it is geneticallyRead MoreIs Schizophrenia A Mental Disorder? Essay1418 Words   |  6 PagesSchizophrenia is a mental disorder in which the individual interprets reality abnormally, this means that the person has â€Å"Hallucinations, Delusions, Thought disorders (unusual or dysfunctional ways of thinking), Movement disorders (agitated body movements)†, and most importantly â€Å"it doesn’t have a cure†, as the National Institute of Mental Health states. If you caused a crime and claim that you have a mental disorder it doesn t mean that you get a free pass and not have to pay for your crime, itRead MoreIs Schizophrenia A Disorder Of Mental Illness?80 9 Words   |  4 PagesPersonal Narrative: Schizophrenia Schizophrenia is a disorder of mental illness. Another way to describe this disorder is to lost the touch with reality. Schizophrenia is less common than any other mental disorder; therefore, treatments can be different. This disease is likely to occur between age of 16 to 30, or may develops in children if problem occurs during the birth. In that regard, a person with the schizophrenia suffers six months or a month or less, if proper treatments given. One of theRead MoreMental Disorder And Its Effects On Schizophrenia1131 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract: Schizophrenia is one type of mental disorder .There are three types of symptoms like positive , negative and cognitive. It creates hallucinations, delusions and interacts to thought process of persons. Though it is a treatable but it affects person’s ability in to reality. There are many factors which affect the schizophrenia like biological factors, psychological factors, sociocultural factors. Among them in biological factors, age and sex highly affected to Schizophrenia. The psychologicalRead MoreIs Schizophrenia A Class Of Mental Disorders?1119 Words   |  5 PagesSchizophrenia is a class of mental disorders often symptomatic of a broad spectrum of behaviours which ultimately fail to determine what is real. Some of the symptoms that make up the spectrum of schizophrenia include hallucinations, invalid or illogical beliefs or thought processes, and abnormal social expression. It is worth noting that schizophrenia does not mean multiple personality disorder but rather a separating of mental function and is also rarely diagnosed separately but along with otherRead MoreIs Schizophrenia A Unique Mental Disorder?1335 Words   |  6 Pagesadults experience a mental health disorder every year. According to the Health Reference Series, schizophrenia affects 1.1% of the US population and the majority of those who suffer with schizophrenia go untreated or are unaware that they even have the disorder. Approximately 2,200,000 people in the United States suffe r from schizophrenia, and they have a lifespan 20% shorter than those who do not have schizophrenia (Fentress, Moller 1). Schizophrenia is a unique mental disorder that is made up of

Kone Case Free Essays

CASE: (KONE: The MonoSpace Launch in Germany) Problem: KONE Aufzug is a new elevator business which is in the middle of planning the launch of their new product, â€Å"MonoSpace†, into Germany. KONE is challenged with the problem of how they should price and market the MonoSpace elevator without dismantling and destroying their existing product line. KONE knows that they can only market to low mid-rise buildings of 12 floors or less due to its cabin requirements and operating speed; however the underlying problem of how to do a successful launch is a question Raimo Hatala wishes to answer. We will write a custom essay sample on Kone Case or any similar topic only for you Order Now Alternative Solutions: Alternative 1: The marketing of the MonoSpace product is highly vital to the overall success of KONE. Currently 48% of sales in 1995 resulted in residential sales and of the 48%, 92% where PH (Hydraulic). Sales by types also show that nearly 90% of all elevators sold are either geared traction or hydraulic, and that 75% of all equipment sales comes from low-rise elevators. Therefore, KONE should market their product near the geared traction and above the hydraulic system, by doing this they would still keep all the benefits that the hydraulic product has to offer and slightly match the benefits of the geared traction minus its speed. Marketing the MonoSpace product at this position gives individuals the options of upgrading to the ecodisc from their current hydraulic system, while gaining the best value and investing themselves into new technology. Pros: Nearly 90% of all sales are generated from PU and PH systems, which is where we would market the new product. Gives customers the option of upgrading to from Hydraulic system without much cost and eliminates potential fires and environmental hazards. Cons: Many may only look for best value and not new technology; they just want the cheapest substitute. The German market consist of 60% hydraulic systems, so what will make them change to ecodisc if 50% of the decisions are made by general contractors who possess little technical knowledge? Marketing the product between two other well established products could be a bad thing, as most customers are either looking for the cheapest product or new top notch technology. This could possible eliminate or kills sales of another product. Alternative 2: In regards to the benefits pricing, KONE would be able to see the greatest benefits by both installing and managing the new MosoSpace system. Pricing the MonoSpace elevator just above the geared traction system would give KONE the possible advantage of 90% of the market, while also focusing on V1 and V2 sales. KNOE should also focus on showing the overall benefits of the system and not just the upfront cost. By presenting overall cost benefits KONE could win the sales of many edged buyers debating on the purchase of their product. Pros: Show construction companies the possible savings by not building a machine room to their buildings. It could give architects more freedom in the design of their buildings. It could add value and savings which could be passed on to potential investors or buyers looking at purchasing the building. Cons: If KONE only did installs of new equipment they would only see a possible 38% of overall potential in sales, and only 62% in sales for service. Not educating customers in overall cost savings of the product could kill the MonoSpace when customers may only look at the high upfront cost. Recommendations: It would be my recommendation to promote and introduce the MonoSpace system in the low-rise residential market within Germany. It is vital that KONE price the product that is very competitive to the rest of in the industry while focusing and emphasizing on the advanced technology and overall cost benefits of the ecodisc machinery. While it is not KNOE’s goal to scare the competition in dominating market share, it should be a high focus as they currently only control 8. 5%. Therefore, it would behoove them to focus more on overall profits, by generating a high up front cost then possibly discounting it in future to gain more of the market. Having tested the product already in the Netherlands, UK, and France it has been apparent that KONE should price the MonoSpace system just marginally higher than the present PH, PT and PU systems. However, knowing the sales data in Germany, PH elevators account for 60% of the low-rise market sales due to their economical pricing structure because builders are really mindful of cost. Given the said data, we could set a low discount price point of around DM72,000, just slightly undercutting the PT system. This would insure that we gain sales from PH markets without killing the PT and PU markets which compels 40% of the sales. Knowing that Germany holds the largest possible sales in the EU KONE can anticipate a large number of transactions. KONE should take on a large marketing event to promote the product, and help gain recognition for their new technology. It will be important to KONE to invite general contractors and architects to the event as they are the main purchasers of elevators. During this time KONE must point out all benefits and how they out weight the upfront cost while showing how the system will out performers their competitors. In Conclusion, KONE should sell their product around DM85000 when introducing the new system to Germany. This would be consistent with the price levels already set throughout Netherlands, France, and the UK. KONE should also realize that they may have to sell at the discount price to hopefully gain more of the market share of the PU units and staying competitive with their competitors. How to cite Kone Case, Essay examples

Consumer Neuroscience

Questions: 1. What are the strengths and limits of explicit and implicit measures of attitudes? in what ways can neuroscience provide better answers? 2. What is persuasion: definitions and most common paradigms? Answers: 1. Explicit attitudes are those that exist at a conscious level and are formed by an individual deliberately. Attitude formed at an unconscious level are implicit in nature and are formed by an individual involuntarily. In consumer and media neuroscience, the implicit measure of the attitude is the assessment of the automatically activated attitudes influencing our spontaneous decisions and outcomes. The explicit measure of attitude allows a person to select a correct response on the measurement scale by deliberating on their attitude. The implicit measure of article such as- Evaluative Priming Measure (EMP), Implicit Attitude Test (IAT) and Misattribution procedure (MP) are commonly used and the explicit measures includes Likert and Semantic Differentiation Scales (SDS) which are known as traditional self-report measures (OKeefe, 2015). The strength of EMP and Misattribution process is its strong reliance on research in social and cognitive psychology giving the investigator a clear sense of mechanism behind a process. EMP is limited due to low reliability and produce estimates that are not related to IAT assessments. The weakness of IAT includes its reliance on the interpretation of the psychiatrist, which has controversial outcomes. However, it is useful in assessing clients with ambiguous symptoms. Both IAT and MP give highly reliable and valid estimates, which are the strength of these measures. Overall, these measures greatly contribute to understand the attitude-to-behavior process processes. The strength of Likert scale is that the measurements are quantifiable as an individual is allowed to respond in a degree of agreement rather than giving a yes/no answer. The drawback of this scale is that attitude of population towards particular item exists on multi-dimensional continuum whereas this scale provides the respondent with 5-6 choices which fails to give true measure effecting the reliability and validity of the outcome . The strength of SDS is its high reliability and versatility of the outcomes and is widely used in obtaining customer feedback and assess their emotional attitude towards a product. However, its limitation is the ranges used which does not have one correct answer that is the difficulty in selecting correct number of points in scale (O'keefe, 2015). 2. According to OKeefe, (2016), persuasion is defined as an intended communication by an individual to modify or extinguish the beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors of the listeners within the constraints of given communication context. For example, the advertisements on television influence the consumer to develop preference for particular brand of cosmetics or electronic gadgets by influencing their cognition and memory. This phenomenon is underpinned by persuasion theory. An attractive advertisement and the emotions expressed by person in an advertisement triggers changes in the brain activity. It is the reason why some commercials of more than 1.5 seconds duration remain memorable and influences our decision-making (O'keefe, 2016). The law of contrast is commonly used paradigm in media where consumers are influenced to prefer $ 120,000 home instead of $90,000 although both are present in same location. The problem, cause and solution paradigm influences the mode of thought by enhancing individuals logic and emotion causing them to align with the interests of persuader. Further, consumers are attracted to blogs or Twitter with lakhs of followers is the social proof of reciprocation paradigm of consumers in turn of support network given by a company (O'Keefe, 2016). References OKeefe, D. (2016) Persuasion: Theory and Research (Third Edition). Sage Publications. Thousand Oaks, CA. O'Keefe, D. (2016). Evidence-based advertising using persuasion principles: predictive validity and proof of concept.European Journal of Marketing,50(1/2), 294-300. O'keefe, D. J. (2015).Persuasion: Theory and research. Sage Publications.